Table II.
Demographic and dietary characteristics of participants in the Rochester Young Men's Study according to consumption of dietary patterns.
| Prudent pattern |
Western pattern |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low | Low-Mod | Mod-High | High | Low | Low-Mod | Mod-High | High | |||
| n | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | P-valuea | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | P-valuea |
| Age (years)b | 19.8 (1.0) | 19.6 (1.1) | 19.9 (1.0) | 19.6 (0.9) | 0.43 | 19.9 (1.0) | 19.8 (1.0) | 19.6 (0.9) | 19.6 (1.0) | 0.31 |
| Caucasian [n (%)] | 38 (80.9) | 41 (87.2) | 39 (83.0) | 37 (78.7) | 0.73 | 36 (76.6) | 40 (85.1) | 40 (85.1) | 39 (83.0) | 0.66 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.7 (5.2) | 25.2 (4.0) | 24.9 (3.2) | 25.3 (3.6) | 0.83 | 25.1 (3.5) | 24.9 (3.4) | 26.0 (5.0) | 25.3 (4.1) | 0.65 |
| Moderate-to-strenuous exercise (h/week) | 7.7 (5.6) | 9.5 (7.0) | 10.2 (6.3) | 15.2 (11.6) | <0.001 | 10.0 (8.5) | 10.9 (9.1) | 9.4 (7.1) | 12.1 (8.7) | 0.49 |
| Current smoker [n (%)] | 14 (29.8) | 12 (25.5) | 11 (23.4) | 6 (12.8) | 0.24 | 5 (10.6) | 12 (25.5) | 16 (34.0) | 10 (21.3) | 0.06 |
| Abstinence time (h) | 80.9 (42.9) | 86.6 (50.3) | 86.1 (40.7) | 94.5 (62.2) | 0.62 | 104.0 (62.2) | 84.1 (45.8) | 72.1 (26.9) | 87.7 (52.7) | 0.02 |
| Undescended testes [n (%)] | 1 (2.1) | 1 (2.1) | 1 (2.1) | 2 (4.3) | 0.89 | 1 (2.1) | 2 (4.3) | 1 (2.1) | 1 (2.1) | 0.89 |
| Varicocele [n (%)] | 2 (4.3) | 1 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.3) | 0.76 | 3 (6.4) | 1 (2.1) | 0 (0/0) | 1 (2.1) | 0.40 |
| Hydrocele [n (%)] | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (6.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.01 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (6.4) | 0.02 |
| Inguinal hernia repair [n (%)] | 2 (4.3) | 5 (10.6) | 2 (4.3) | 1 (2.1) | 0.41 | 1 (2.1) | 5 (10.6) | 2 (4.3) | 2 (4.3) | 0.41 |
| History of genital disease [n (%)] | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.3) | 2 (4.3) | 1 (2.1) | 0.76 | 2 (4.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.1) | 2 (4.3) | 0.58 |
| Multivitamin user [n (%)] | 8 (17.0) | 13 (27.7) | 14 (29.8) | 17 (36.2) | 0.22 | 19 (40.4) | 14 (29.8) | 11 (23.4) | 8 (17.0) | 0.07 |
| Calories (kcal/day) | 2305.5 (820.6) | 2947.6 (1078.3) | 3146.7 (844.1) | 3850.3 (1476.3) | <0.001 | 2165.3 (870.8) | 2628.4 (598.1) | 3053.7 (704.1) | 4402.6 (1227.5) | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrates (% energy) | 48.9 (7.6) | 51.3 (6.7) | 48.9 (5.6) | 51.9 (6.3) | 0.05 | 53.0 (7.0) | 48.9 (7.4) | 48.8 (6.0) | 50.3 (5.5) | 0.006 |
| Protein (% energy) | 14.9 (2.9) | 15.5 (2.6) | 17.3 (2.9) | 18.1 (2.9) | <0.001 | 17.8 (3.8) | 16.2 (3.1) | 16.0 (2.6) | 15.7 (2.4) | 0.005 |
| Total fat (% energy) | 31.6 (5.0) | 29.7 (4.4) | 31.2 (4.8) | 29.2 (4.6) | 0.04 | 28.4 (4.9) | 30.5 (5.0) | 31.4 (4.6) | 31.3 (4.1) | 0.01 |
| Alcohol (g/day) | 20.1 (21.3) | 21.4 (23.8) | 18.6 (20.7) | 15.7 (22.5) | 0.63 | 8.5 (10.3) | 21.8 (22.9) | 21.7 (21.3) | 23.6 (27.2) | 0.002 |
| Caffeine (mg/day) | 90.2 (88.6) | 111.6 (101.4) | 124.0 (261.3) | 88.4 (121.7) | 0.65 | 46.4 (54.4) | 72.6 (76.5) | 152.9 (258.3) | 142.3 (135.3) | 0.001 |
| Sugar (g/day) | 133.1 (66.7) | 188.6 (93.8) | 170.6 (64.5) | 233.2 (116.5) | <0.001 | 134.2 (75.0) | 152.0 (54.0) | 177.4 (65.2) | 261.9 (117.1) | <0.001 |
| Folate (µg/day) | 415.7 (135.3) | 605.1 (218.8) | 693.6 (180.2) | 1036.4 (323.9) | <0.001 | 662.1 (408.7) | 604.8 (269.0) | 629.8 (210.5) | 854.0 (295.4) | <0.001 |
| Zinc (mg/day) | 12.4 (4.6) | 16.6 (6.5) | 19.3 (5.6) | 24.6 (10.1) | <0.001 | 15.0 (8.4) | 15.1 (5.1) | 17.8 (6.2) | 25.0 (8.6) | <0.001 |
aFor continuous variables, the analyses of variance were used to test for associations between levels of diet score. For categorical variables, χ2 tests and fisher exact tests (when one or more cell counts were ≤5) were used to test the associations between levels of diet score.
bValues presented are mean (standard deviation) unless otherwise indicated.