Table 1.
Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings (MRI) in Individuals with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (ALC) Relative to Controls (CON)
| Age Range (y) | CON
|
ALC
|
Phenotypea | Group Differences; ALC Relative to CON | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (Female) | N (Female) | ||||
| Archibald et al. 2001 | 7–24 | 41 (20) | 26 (12) | FAS, other FASD, CON | Reduced cerebral and cerebellar vault, parietal lobe, caudate nucleus in FAS |
| Autti-Rämö et al. 2002b | 13–15 | 17 (–) | 17 (8) | FAS, other FASD, CON | Hypoplasia of corpus callosum, cerebellar vermis, reduced hippocampi |
| Bhatara et al. 2002c | 6–35 | 2 (1) | 5 (1) | FAS, CON | Hypoplasia and agenesis of corpus callosum |
| Bookstein et al. 2002a | 14–37 | 60 (30) | 120 (60) | FAS, other FASD, CON | Variability in corpus callosum shape |
| Bookstein et al. 2002b | 18–36 | 15 (0) | 30 (0) | FAS, other FASD, CON | Variability in corpus callosum shape |
| Bookstein et al. 2007 | Infant | 21 (16) | 23 (10) | FASD, CON | Larger angle of splenium |
| Cortese et al. 2006 | 9–12 | 4 (2) | 11 (4) | FAS, other FASD, CON | Reduced caudate nucleus |
| Johnson et al. 1996c | 4–20 | – | 6 (3) | FAS | Microcephaly, hypoplasia and agenesis of corpus callosum |
| Lebel et al 2008 | 5–13 | 95 (45) | 24 (11) | FASD, CON | Reduced total brain volume |
| Li et al. 2008a | 18–24 | 7 (3) | 7 (3) | FASD, CON | Reduced cerebral vault |
| Mattson et al. 1992c | 13–14 | 9 (–) | 2 (0) | FAS, CON, Down Syndrome | Reduced cerebral vault, cerebellar vault, basal ganglia |
| Mattson et al. 1994c | 16 | 20 (–) | 2 (1) | other FASD, CON | Reduced cerebral vault, cerebellar vault, basal ganglia |
| Mattson et al. 1996b | 8–19 | 7 (1) | 6 (2) | FAS, CON | Reduced cerebral vault, basal ganglia |
| Mattson et al. 2001 | 9–16 | – | 13 (7) | FAS, other FASD | Caudate volume correlated with neuropsychological measures |
| O’Hare et al. 2005 | 8–25 | 21 (12) | 21 (11) | FASD, CON | Anterior cerebellar vermis reduced, displaced, correlated with verbal learning and memory |
| Riikonen et al. 1999 | 3–23 | 6 (–) | 8 (2) | FAS, CON | Reduced left hippocampal volume in FAS (L < R) |
| Riikonen et al. 2005 | 5–16 | 10 (5) | 12 (7) | FASD, CON | Reduced left hippocampal volume in FAS (L < R) |
| Riley et al. 1995 | 8–19 | 12 (4) | 13 (4) | FAS, other FASD, CON | Reduced area of corpus callosum |
| Sowell et al 1996 | 8–24 | 24 (13) | 9 (3) | FASD, CON | Reduced cerebellar vermis I–V |
| Sowell et al. 2001a | 8–25 | 21 (12) | 20 (10) | FASD, CON | Reduced area and displacement of corpus callosum, displacement correlated with verbal learning |
| Sowell et al. 2001b | 8–25 | 21 (12) | 21 (11) | FASD, CON | Perisylvian cortices: more gray matter, less white matter |
| Sowell et al. 2002 | 8–25 | 21 (12) | 21 (11) | FASD, CON | Increased gray matter density in inferior parietal/perisylvian regions |
| Sowell et al. 2008b | 8–25 | 21 (12) | 21 (11) | FAS, other FASD, CON | Greater cortical thickness; associated with verbal recall in FAS |
| Swayze et al. 1997c | 4–29 | 119 (65) | 10 (4) | FAS, CON | Microcephaly, midline anomalies |
| Willoughby et al. 2008 | 9–15 | 18 (11) | 19 (5) | FASD, CON | Reduced intracranial and left hippocampal volume (FASD < CON); hippocampal volume correlated with verbal and spatial delayed recall |
a
Other FASD may include partial FAS, prenatal alcohol exposure, prenatal exposure to alcohol, fetal alcohol effects, static encephalopathy, alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder; FASD also includes FAS.
b
Prospective study.
c
Case study.