Table 4.
Regression Results for Vocabulary Scores of Children of Immigrants Relative to Children on Natives, by Language Spoken in the Home
| Country and language group | Model 1. No controls
|
Model 2. With controls
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coef [SE] | Pairwise t-tests: Ref country | Coef [SE] | Pairwise t-tests: Ref country | |||||
| Canada | UK | US | Canada | UK | US | |||
|
|
|
|||||||
| Australia | ||||||||
| Foreign-born and official language in home | 0.132** [0.039] | 4.4** | 5.7** | 2.6** | 0.003 [0.036] | 3.0** | 5.1** | 2.8** |
| Foreign-born and foreign language in home | -0.783** [0.070] | 2.2* | 5.8** | 4.1** | -0.795** [0.067] | 1.6 | 2.8** | 2.3* |
| Canada | ||||||||
| Foreign-born and official language in home | -0.192** [0.062] | 0.0 | -1.8+ | -0.211** [0.061] | 0.8 | -0.6 | ||
| Foreign-born and foreign language in home | -1.032** [0.092] | 2.5* | 0.8 | -0.984** [0.096] | 0.3 | -0.1 | ||
| United Kingdom | ||||||||
| Foreign-born and official language in home | -0.192** [0.041] | -2.2* | -0.266** [0.038] | -1.6 | ||||
| Foreign-born and foreign language in home | -1.309** [0.059] | -2.8** | -1.020** [0.046] | -0.7 | ||||
| United States | ||||||||
| Foreign-born and official language in home | -0.043 [0.055] | -0.166** [0.049] | ||||||
| Foreign-born and foreign language in home | -1.111** [0.040] | -0.976** [0.039] | ||||||
Note. Standard errors taking account of survey design in brackets. Omitted group in all regressions is native-born parents who speak the official language of the country at home. Sample sizes are: Australia, 4,266; Canada, 6,201; United Kingdom, 15,168; and United States, 8,450 (rounded to nearest 50).
Controls. Log average income; highest parental qualification (4 groups); single parent at W3; # under 18s in home at W3; mother’s age at birth of child; child’s gender; child birth weight < 2.5 kg.
**
p<.01,
*
p<.05,
+
p<.1.