Table 1.

Overview of studies having assessed dental anxiety and dental pain between the ART and the traditional treatment approach

Reference	Comparison	Age	Operator background	Variable measured	Conclusion
[19]	ART vs rotary instruments	6-year-old children	Dental students and dentists	Discomfort:	ART caused less discomfort
				-Heart rate and modified Venham index (observations)
[20]	ART vs rotary instruments	6–16 years old	Dentists	Pain:	ART caused less pain
				-Questions: did you feel any pain during treatment?
[21]	ART vs rotary instruments	4–7 years old	Pedodontist specialist	Pain:	ART caused less pain
				-Wong–Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale
[22]	ART vs rotary instruments vs ultraconservative treatment	6–7 years old	Pedodontist specialist	Pain:	-No difference in levels of pain among treatments
				-Wong–Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale	-Local anaesthesia was more frequent given in the rotary instrument group
[23]	-ART vs rotary instruments	6–7 years old	Pedodontist specialist	Anxiety:	No difference in levels of anxiety between treatments
	-ART vs ART with Carisolv			-Venham Picture Test
[24]	ART vs rotary instruments	Children and adults	Dentists and dental therapists	Anxiety:	Both children and adults treated with the ART were less dental-anxious
				-Children's fear survey schedule
				-Corah's dental anxiety scale
[25]	ART vs rotary instruments vs ultraconservative treatment	6–7 years old	Pedodontist specialist	Anxiety:	No difference in levels of anxiety among treatments
				-Facial Image Scale