Table 1.

Surface roughness, dehydrated thickness, coefficient of friction, and adhesion energy for glass and SCFs after different modes of brushing

		Surface roughness (nm)	Dehydrated thickness (nm)	Coefficient of friction	Adhesion energy (10−18 J)
Glass		0.13 ± 0.01	0.0 ± 0.0	0.450 ± 0.040	−86 ± 14
Unbrushed 16-h SCF		0.41 ± 0.02	4.9 ± 0.3	0.037 ± 0.000	−14 ± 2
Manual	Rotary–oscillatory	0.55 ± 0.08	4.1 ± 0.4	0.030 ± 0.000	−9 ± 3
	OFF
	Sonic	0.86 ± 0.12	4.2 ± 0.6	0.040 ± 0.000	−6 ± 1
	OFF
Powered	Rotary–oscillatory	5.37 ± 1.22	3.3 ± 0.4	0.630 ± 0.090	−51 ± 30
	ON
	Sonic	1.96 ± 0.55	3.6 ± 0.6	0.110 ± 0.010	−24 ± 8
	ON

Brushing was done manually (OFF) and powered (ON) with a rotary-oscillating and sonic toothbrush

± standard error over nine AFM and two XPS measurements