Table 2.
Adjusted odds ratios for hypothesised determinants of HIV testing and results collection for men and women in selected countries
| Zimbabwe | Lesotho | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | Men | Women | Men | ||
| Determinants | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
| HIV status: positive vs. negative | 1.10 (0.86–1.40) | 1.10 (0.83–1.47) | 1.50 (1.06–2.12) | 1.85 (1.19–2.87) | |
| Demographic characteristics | |||||
| Age group | |||||
| 15–24 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 25–34 | 0.72 (0.59–0.87) | 1.52 (1.00–2.30)‡ | 1.11 (0.71–1.71) | 4.27 (1.94–9.39) | |
| 35–44 | 0.52 (0.39–0.69) | 1.37 (0.83–2.26) | 0.95 (0.60–1.49) | 4.27 (1.72–10.60) | |
| 45+ | 0.30 (0.18–0.50) | 1.42 (0.81–2.49) | 0.82 (0.43–1.57) | 3.52 (1.33–9.30) | |
| Education | |||||
| None | 0.88 (0.45–1.70) | 1.63 (0.37–7.07) | 0.47 (0.14–1.57) | 0.66 (0.36–1.21) | |
| Primary | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Secondary | 1.61 (1.28–2.04) | 1.76 (1.24–2.50) | 0.99 (0.70–1.41) | 1.80 (1.10–2.95) | |
| Higher | 4.13 (2.37–7.21) | 3.16 (1.82–5.50) | 1.49 (0.50–4.38) | 2.50 (0.62–10.12) | |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Never married | 0.70 (0.36–1.36) | 0.73 (0.38–1.41) | 0.84 (0.44–1.61) | 0.91 (0.42–2.01) | |
| Previously married | 0.96 (0.51–1.80) | 0.22 (0.07–0.65) | 1.20 (0.64–2.27) | 1.58 (0.42–5.91) | |
| Residence | |||||
| Urban vs. rural | 1.19 (0.75–1.87) | 1.14 (0.75–1.73) | 1.48 (0.99–2.20)‡ | 1.22 (0.70–2.14) | |
| Poverty | |||||
| Richest quintile vs. poorest | 2.24 (1.29–3.90) | 2.63 (1.35–5.13) | 1.41 (0.75–2.65) | 1.11 (0.47–2.63) | |
| Sexual health & behaviour | |||||
| Condom use at last intercoursea: yes vs. no | 0.86 (0.59–1.26) | 1.60 (1.14–2.25) | 1.37 (0.90–2.08) | 1.81 (1.18–2.78) | |
| Extra-marital partners in last year: yes vs. no | 1.00 (0.60–1.66) | 1.16 (0.70–1.92) | 0.80 (0.48–1.33) | 0.54 (0.32–0.90) | |
| Lifetime partners | |||||
| Women | Men | ||||
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 1 |
| 2 | 2 | 0.94 (0.73–1.22) | 0.71 (0.47–1.05) | – | 1.23 (0.51–2.99) |
| >2 | 3 | 0.96 (0.71–1.30) | 0.64 (0.41–0.99) | – | 1.51 (0.64–3.54) |
| 4 | 0.48 (0.28–0.81) | 0.78 (0.30–2.05) | |||
| >4 | 0.81 (0.55–1.17) | 1.28 (0.61–2.70) | |||
| Ever paid for sex (men only): yes vs. no | – | 1.02 (0.48–2.14) | – | ||
| Had an STD in last year: yes vs. no | 1.20 (0.77–1.87) | 1.33 (0.64–2.77) | 0.97 (0.44–2.16) | 1.85 (0.65–5.28) | |
| Treatment awareness: yes vs. no/unsure | 1.84 (1.48–2.29) | 1.22 (0.92–1.62) | 1.64 (1.15–2.34) | 1.64 (1.07–2.50) | |
| Expression of stigma & experience of AIDS | |||||
| People with AIDS should be ashamed: agree vs. disagree/don’t know | 1.13 (0.91–1.41) | 0.96 (0.72–1.29) | – | – | |
| AIDS bereavement: yes vs. no | 1.08 (0.87–1.34) | 1.32 (1.05–1.65) | 2.15 (1.59–2.91) | 0.95 (0.57–1.58) | |
| HIV status: positive vs. negative | 1.18 (0.71–1.94) | 0.99 (0.54–1.82) | 0.46 (0.03–8.26) | 1.62 (0.19–13.64) | |
| Demographic characteristics | |||||
| Age group | |||||
| 15–24 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 25–34 | 0.61 (0.47–0.80) | 0.83 (0.56–1.23) | 0.74 ( 0.28–1.95) | 17.69 (1.91–164.20) | |
| 35–44 | 0.33 (0.24–0.44) | 0.35 (0.23–0.54) | 2.33 (0.95–5.69) | 22.19 (1.80–273.00) | |
| 45+ | 0.13 (0.07–0.23) | 0.20 (0.13–0.32) | 1.15 (0.41–3.25) | 19.01 (1.69–213.63) | |
| Education | |||||
| None | 0.81 (0.62–1.05) | 0.77 (0.56–1.06) | 0.91 (0.37–2.22) | 0.75 (0.18–3.17) | |
| Primary | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Secondary | 1.65 (1.15–2.36) | 1.45 (1.03–2.04) | 2.21 (1.12–4.36) | 4.04 (1.06–15.46) | |
| Higher | 7.73 ( 0.85–70.45) | 4.47 (1.75–11.43) | 50.62 (14.35–178.60) | 8.72 (2.08–36.53) | |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Never married | 0.66 (0.31–1.40) | 0.43 (0.20–0.95) | 0.56 (0.05–5.78) | 0.96 (0.10–9.42) | |
| Previously married | 0.78 ( 0.30–2.05) | 2.35 (0.72–7.71) | 4.70 (1.95–11.34) | ||
| Residence | |||||
| Urban vs. rural | 3.68 (2.68–5.06) | 1.77 (1.28–2.45) | 1.73 (0.71–4.20) | 1.09 (0.37–3.26) | |
| Poverty | |||||
| Richest quintile vs. poorest | 1.61 (1.09–2.37) | 1.93 (1.29–2.88) | 3.24 (0.90–11.64) | 0.52 (0.08–3.39) | |
| Sexual health & behaviour | |||||
| Condom use at last intercourse: yes vs. no | 0.92 (0.51–1.66) | 2.00 (1.05–3.78) | 2.04 (0.85–4.92) | 0.59 (0.07–4.96) | |
| Extra-marital partners in last year: yes vs. no | 0.79 (0.42–1.49) | 0.69 (0.40–1.19) | 0.93 (0.50–1.72) | 1.07 (0.32–3.54) | |
| Lifetime partners | |||||
| Women | Men | ||||
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | – |
| 2 | 2 | 1.06 (0.81–1.39) | 1.46 (1.08–1.98) | – | – |
| >2 | 3 | 0.84 (0.56–1.26) | 1.40 (0.98–2.00) | – | – |
| 4 | 1.99 (1.32–3.00) | – | |||
| >4 | 1.74 (1.16–2.60) | – | |||
| Ever paid for sex (men only): yes vs. no | – | 1.02 (0.65–1.61) | – | 4.27 (0.34–53.17) | |
| Had an STD in last year: yes vs. no | 1.30 (0.54–3.14) | 1.86 (0.74–4.69) | 0.54 (0.12–2.40) | b | |
| Treatment awareness: yes vs. no/unsure | 2.99 (2.06–4.35) | 1.99 (1.23–3.21) | 1.73 (0.98–3.06)* | 1.02 (0.31–3.32) | |
| Expression of stigma & experience of AIDS | |||||
| People with AIDS should be ashamed: agree vs. disagree/don’t know | 0.75 (0.60–0.93) | 0.90 (0.70–1.16) | 0.60 (0.34–1.06) | 0.55 (0.21–1.41) | |
| AIDS bereavement: yes vs. no | 1.26 (0.93–1.71) | 1.98 (1.25–3.13) | 4.01 (1.84–8.72) | 1.52 (0.56–4.10) | |
AOR, adjusted odds ratio.
In Lesotho, data on ‘People with AIDS should be ashamed’ were not available for neither men nor women, and lifetime partners data were not available for women, and ever paid for sex was not available for men. In Senegal, data on lifetime partners were not available for neither men nor women. Bold type indicates differences significant at the 95% level. For men in Senegal, the two poorest wealth quintiles were combined into a single category for the reference group, as there were too few respondents who had tested in the poorest quintile.
*
Indicates significant in univariate analysis (P < 0.05).
‡
borderline significance.
a
Condom use refers to last partner, rather than specifically last sex, for men in Lesotho.
b
Variable dropped owing to small sample size in comparison group (those reporting an STD in last year).