Table 3.
All-cause mortality in adults aged 15–59 years from 1999 to 2009, pre- and post-ART roll-out*, by HIV status
| HIV negative | HIV positive | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deaths/pyrs (rate/1000 pyr) | Adjusted RR† (95% CI) | Deaths/pyrs (rate/1000 pyr) | Adjusted RR† (95% CI) | |
| All individuals | ||||
| Time relative to ART roll-out | P = 0.86 | P < 0.001 | ||
| 0–5 years pre ART | 109/27 402 (4.0) | 1 | 216/1855 (116.4) | 1 |
| ART period 1‡ | 24/6306 (3.8) | 0.95 (0.61–1.47) | 38/435 (87.4) | 0.75 (0.53–1.06) |
| ART period 2‡ | 105/27 519 (3.8) | 0.93 (0.71–1.21) | 86/2156 (39.9) | 0.33 (0.26–0.43) |
| Stratified by sex | ||||
| Male | P = 0.82 | P < 0.001 | ||
| 0–5 years pre ART | 58/13 100 (4.4) | 1 | 98/780 (125.6) | 1 |
| ART period 1‡ | 12/2992 (4.0) | 0.89 (0.48–1.66) | 16/174 (92.0) | 0.73 (0.43–1.24) |
| ART period 2‡ | 54/13 066 (4.1) | 0.89 (0.62–1.29) | 39/814 (47.9) | 0.36 (0.25–0.52) |
| Female | P = 0.98 | P < 0.001 | ||
| 0–5 years pre ART | 51/14 302 (3.6) | 1 | 118/1075 (109.8) | 1 |
| ART period 1‡ | 12/3315 (3.6) | 1.01 (0.54–1.89) | 22/261 (84.3) | 0.77 (0.49–1.21) |
| ART period 2‡ | 51/14 453 (3.5) | 0.97 (0.66–1.43) | 47/1342 (35.0) | 0.31 (0.22–0.43) |
| Stratified by age | ||||
| 15–29 years | P = 0.99 | P = 0.004 | ||
| 0–5 years pre ART | 38/16 138 (2.4) | 1 | 52/641 (81.1) | 1 |
| ART period 1‡ | 8/3601 (2.2) | 0.94 (0.44–2.02) | 10/141 (71.0) | 0.88 (0.44–1.72) |
| ART period 2‡ | 36/15 237 (2.4) | 1.00 (0.64–1.58) | 21/578 (36.3) | 0.45 (0.27–0.74) |
| 30–44 years | P = 0.27 | P < 0.001 | ||
| 0–5 years pre ART | 36/6994 (5.1) | 1 | 121/964 (125.5) | 1 |
| ART period 1‡ | 5/1701 (2.9) | 0.57 (0.22–1.46) | 25/241 (103.8) | 0.83 (0.54–1.28) |
| ART period 2‡ | 28/7641 (3.7) | 0.71 (0.43–1.16) | 39/1185 (32.9) | 0.26 (0.18–0.38) |
| 45–59 years | P = 0.72 | P < 0.001 | ||
| 0–5 years pre ART | 35/4270 (8.2) | 1 | 43/250 (171.9) | 1 |
| ART period 1‡ | 11/1004 (11.0) | 1.34 (0.68–2.63) | 3/53 (56.4) | 0.33 (0.10–1.05) |
| ART period 2‡ | 41/4641 (8.8) | 1.08 (0.69–1.69) | 26/393 (66.1) | 0.39 (0.24–0.63) |
ART, antiretroviral therapy; RRs, rate ratios.
*
ART roll-out defined as 1 January 2004.
†
Adjusted for sex and age (RRs for all individuals), age (RRs stratified by sex), or sex (RRs stratified by age).
‡
ART period 1 defined as the first year after ART roll-out (1 January 2004 to 1 January 2005). ART period 2 defined as the 4-year period from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2009).