Table 2.
Predictors of hospital admission for children with mild injury seen in California emergency departments, 2005-2009
| Characteristics | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
Adjusted Odds Ratio* (95% CI) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | ||||
| <1 year | 0.53 | (0.52, 0.55) | 0.69 | (0.66, 0.71) |
| 1-4 years | 0.52 | (0.50, 0.53) | 0.76 | (0.74, 0.78) |
| 5-9 years | 0.67 | (0.65, 0.68) | 0.96 | (0.94, 0.99) |
| 10-14 years | 0.56 | (0.55, 0.57) | 0.75 | (0.73, 0.76) |
| 15-18 years | REF | -- | REF | -- |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | REF | -- | REF | -- |
| Female | 0.90 | (0.88, 0.91) | 0.80 | (0.79, 0.82) |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| White | REF | -- | REF | -- |
| Black/African-American | 1.10 | (1.07, 1.13) | 0.96 | (0.93, 0.99) |
| Hispanic | 1.21 | (1.19, 1.23) | 1.19 | (1.17, 1.22) |
| Asian | 1.21 | (1.17, 1.26) | 1.28 | (1.23, 1.34) |
| Other | 1.20 | (1.16, 1.24) | 1.16 | (1.12, 1.21) |
| Annual Median Household Income^ | ||||
| <100% Federal Poverty Line (FPL) | REF | -- | REF | -- |
| 100-200% FPL | 0.86 | (0.76, 0.98) | 0.93 | (0.81, 1.07) |
| 200-300% FPL | 0.83 | (0.73, 0.94) | 0.93 | (0.81, 1.07) |
| >300% FPL | 0.83 | (0.73, 0.94) | 1.05 | (0.91, 1.20) |
| Distance: Residence to Nearest Acute Hospital |
||||
| 0-5 miles | REF | -- | REF | -- |
| 6-10 miles | 1.05 | (1.02, 1.08) | 1.07 | (1.04, 1.10) |
| >10 miles | 1.09 | (1.05, 1.13) | 1.10 | (1.06, 1.15) |
| Insurance Status | ||||
| Private Insurance | REF | -- | REF | -- |
| Public Insurance | 1.39 | (1.37, 1.41) | 1.36 | (1.34, 1.39) |
| No Insurance | 0.84 | (0.82, 0.86) | 0.63 | (0.61, 0.66) |
| Rural Status | ||||
| Urban | REF | -- | REF | -- |
| Rural | 0.72 | (0.70, 0.74) | 0.73 | (0.70, 0.75) |
| Mechanism of Injury | ||||
| Fall | REF | -- | REF | -- |
| Cut | 1.55 | (1.51, 1.59) | 0.66 | (0.63, 0.68) |
| Firearm | 16.42 | (15.5, 17.3) | 4.75 | (4.43, 5.09) |
| Motor Vehicle Traffic | 2.49 | (2.43, 2.55) | 2.47 | (2.41, 2.54) |
| Pedal (Bike) | 1.43 | (1.37, 1.48) | 1.36 | (1.31, 1.42) |
| Pedestrian | 2.74 | (2.39, 3.13) | 2.67 | (2.33, 3.06) |
| Struck | 0.50 | (0.48, 0.51) | 0.36 | (0.35, 0.37) |
| Drowning | 5.53 | (4.36, 6.99) | 5.11 | (3.98, 6.55) |
| Machinery | 3.15 | (2.71, 3.66) | 3.15 | (2.70, 3.66) |
| Suffocation | 18.55 | (15.7, 21.9) | 3.05 | (2.92, 3.19) |
| Other Transportation | 2.98 | (2.86, 3.11) | 1.44 | (1.15, 1.80) |
| Other | 0.43 | (0.41, 0.45) | 0.39 | (0.38, 0.41) |
| Intent of Injury | ||||
| Unintentional | REF | -- | REF | -- |
| Intentional | 33.99 | (32.8, 35.3) | 55.19 | (52.4, 58.1) |
| Assault | 2.80 | (2.72, 2.88) | 4.45 | (4.26, 4.64) |
| Undetermined | 3.79 | (3.36, 4.28) | 2.01 | (1.69, 2.38) |
Discharged = 3,042,198 visits; admission = 71,169 visits, total = 3,113,367 visits
REF = reference variable,
*
The adjusted model includes the following variables: age, sex, race/ethnicity, annual median household income, distance from residence to nearest acute hospital, insurance status, rural status, mechanism of injury, and intent of injury. The c-statistic for the logistic regression model was 0.712.
^
Income based on zip code of residence, using the 2004 Federal Poverty Line of $18,850 for a family of four.
Trend analysis for all injuries by year showed later years with decreasing likelihood of admission.