Table V.

Subgroup analysis stratified by primary language (English and Spanish/Other): Multivariable logistic regression analysis^* of maternal and neonatal outcomes associated with oral hypoglycemic agents compared to subcutaneous insulin

	Spanish/Other (n = 4,335)		English (n = 5,273)
	aOR	95% CI	aOR	95% CI
Maternal Outcome
Cesarean delivery
Overall cesarean	0.78	0.63–0.94	0.82	0.68–0.98
Primary cesarean	0.95	0.73–1.24	0.90	0.73–1.11
Neonatal Outcome
Preterm delivery
<37 weeks	1.12	0.83–1.53	0.99	0.75–1.31
<34 weeks	2.04	1.18–3.54	1.11	0.56–2.17
Birthweight
>4,000gm	1.09	0.83–1.44	1.09	0.83–1.43
>4,500gm	1.07	0.65–1.76	1.12	0.68–1.83
Birth weight >90th centile	1.40	1.02–1.94	1.00	0.79–1.27
Intrauterine fetal demise	0.94	0.17–4.95	5.31	1.06–26.5
Neonatal intensive care unit admission†	2.54	1.55–4.13	0.86	0.48–1.56

Reference comparison group: women treated with subcutaneous insulin injections.

^*Multivariable logistic regression controlling for potential confounding covariates, including maternal age, parity, ethnicity, gestational age at GDM diagnosis, gestational weight gain, education level, and prepregnancy BMI.

^†In term pregnancies (gestational age at delivery >37 weeks) only.