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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Heart Rhythm. 2011 Sep 25;9(2):275–282. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.09.066

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Effect of multiple insults on the AP in epi cells. Descending rows show the AP, ICaL, IKs, and closed state zone occupancy. Columns, from left to right, show normal pacing under basal conditions, fast pacing under basal conditions, fast pacing with application of ISO, and 30% IKr block in addition to fast pacing and ISO. EADs in the rightmost column (top row, arrows) were caused by ICaL reactivation (second row, arrows) due to prolongation of AP plateau (deficient IKs, third row). The AP following the EAD is short because of the residual activation of IKs (incomplete deactivation, arrows). AP = action potential; CL = cycle length; EAD = early afterdepolarization; epi = epicardial; ISO = isoproterenol; het = heterozygous; WT = wild type.