Table 5.
Mixed model results of four longitudinal studies.
| OCTO-Twin | LBLS | SLS | VLS | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | SE | P | b | SE | P | b | SE | P | b | SE | P | |
| Reasoning | ||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Intercept | 10.89 | 0.55 | <.01 | 21.43 | 0.53 | <.01 | 14.65 | 0.17 | <.01 | 9.52 | 0.59 | <.01 |
| Age | −0.33 | 0.12 | .01 | −0.62 | 0.04 | <.01 | −0.35 | 0.01 | <.01 | −0.26 | 0.02 | <.01 |
| Female | 0.68 | 0.67 | .31 | 1.86 | 0.77 | .02 | 1.57 | 0.24 | <.01 | −0.15 | 0.31 | .62 |
| Education | 0.56 | 0.13 | <.01 | 1.30 | 0.13 | <.01 | 0.52 | 0.04 | <.01 | 0.32 | 0.05 | <.01 |
| Social activity | 1.01 | 0.28 | <.01 | 0.08 | 0.25 | .74 | 0.11 | 0.08 | .14 | 0.05 | 0.02 | .03 |
| Age × social activity | −0.02 | 0.11 | .83 | 0.08 | 0.03 | <.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | .15 | 0.00 | 0.00 | .40 |
| Education × social activity | 0.04 | 0.11 | .71 | −0.04 | 0.08 | .67 | −0.03 | 0.03 | .26 | −0.01 | 0.01 | .69 |
| Slope | −0.44 | 0.08 | <.01 | −0.50 | 0.08 | <.01 | −0.25 | 0.02 | <.01 | −0.25 | 0.03 | <.01 |
| Age | −0.02 | 0.02 | .28 | −0.03 | 0.01 | <.01 | −0.01 | 0.00 | <.01 | −0.01 | 0.00 | <.01 |
| Female | 0.08 | 0.09 | .42 | 0.08 | 0.11 | .48 | 0.01 | 0.02 | .51 | 0.01 | 0.03 | .76 |
| Education | 0.01 | 0.02 | .56 | −0.05 | 0.02 | <.01 | −0.01 | 0.00 | .11 | −0.01 | 0.00 | .08 |
| Social activity | 0.06 | 0.05 | .24 | 0.04 | 0.04 | .30 | 0.02 | 0.01 | .02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | .44 |
| Social activity change | 0.65 | 0.15 | <.01 | 0.04 | 0.17 | .83 | 0.13 | 0.06 | .04 | 0.03 | 0.00 | .02 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Fluency | ||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Intercept | 31.01 | 0.61 | <.01 | 36.11 | 0.44 | <.01 | 11.5 | 0.56 | <.01 | |||
| Age | −0.30 | 0.05 | <.01 | −0.34 | 0.04 | <.01 | −0.10 | 0.03 | <.01 | |||
| Female | 3.39 | 0.88 | <.01 | 3.36 | 0.60 | <.01 | 0.51 | 0.36 | .16 | |||
| Education | 1.05 | 0.15 | <.01 | 1.31 | 0.11 | <.01 | 0.63 | 0.05 | <.01 | |||
| Social activity | 0.99 | 0.29 | <.01 | 0.24 | 0.19 | .20 | 0.04 | 0.03 | .12 | |||
| Age × social activity | 0.03 | 0.03 | .40 | 0.00 | 0.02 | .89 | −0.01 | 0.01 | .29 | |||
| Education × social activity | −0.11 | 0.10 | .24 | 0.04 | 0.07 | .59 | −0.01 | 0.01 | .07 | |||
| Slope | −0.24 | 0.11 | .02 | −0.43 | 0.04 | <.01 | −0.12 | 0.03 | <.01 | |||
| Age | −0.03 | 0.01 | <.01 | −0.02 | 0.00 | <.01 | −0.01 | 0.01 | <.01 | |||
| Female | −0.20 | 0.15 | .18 | 0.11 | 0.05 | .02 | 0.06 | 0.04 | .16 | |||
| Education | −0.01 | 0.03 | .65 | −0.01 | 0.01 | .15 | −0.01 | 0.01 | .74 | |||
| Social activity | 0.07 | 0.05 | .15 | 0.02 | 0.02 | .26 | 0.01 | 0.01 | .83 | |||
| Social activity change | 0.73 | 0.25 | <.01 | 0.18 | 0.15 | .21 | 0.06 | 0.02 | <.01 | |||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Memory | ||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Intercept | 8.70 | 0.32 | <.01 | 10.80 | 0.20 | <.01 | 11.56 | 0.13 | <.01 | 17.28 | 0.41 | <.01 |
| Age | −0.20 | 0.06 | <.01 | −0.19 | 0.02 | <.01 | −0.18 | 0.01 | <.01 | −0.19 | 0.02 | <.01 |
| Female | 0.99 | 0.39 | .01 | 1.50 | 0.28 | <.01 | 1.59 | 0.17 | <.01 | 1.45 | 0.27 | <.01 |
| Education | 0.34 | 0.07 | <.01 | 0.29 | 0.05 | <.01 | 0.32 | 0.03 | <.01 | 0.31 | 0.04 | <.01 |
| Social activity | 0.34 | 0.07 | <.01 | 0.00 | 0.09 | .98 | 0.14 | 0.06 | .01 | 0.06 | 0.02 | <.01 |
| Age × social activity | −0.09 | 0.06 | .10 | 0.01 | 0.0 | .61 | 0.00 | 0.01 | .51 | −0.01 | 0.01 | .95 |
| Education × social activity | 0.01 | 0.06 | .91 | −0.02 | 0.03 | .57 | −0.02 | 0.02 | .18 | −0.01 | 0.01 | .19 |
| Slope | −0.26 | 0.07 | <.01 | −0.18 | 0.05 | <.01 | −0.17 | 0.01 | <.01 | −0.27 | 0.03 | <.01 |
| Age | 0.00 | 0.02 | .97 | 0.00 | 0.01 | .46 | −0.01 | 0.00 | <.01 | −0.01 | 0.01 | <.01 |
| Female | 0.05 | 0.08 | .55 | −0.03 | 0.07 | .64 | 0.02 | 0.02 | .15 | −0.02 | 0.03 | .56 |
| Education | −0.01 | 0.02 | .73 | 0.01 | 0.01 | .40 | 0.00 | 0.00 | .58 | −0.01 | 0.01 | .15 |
| Social activity | 0.07 | 0.04 | .07 | 0.03 | 0.02 | .15 | 0.01 | 0.01 | .37 | 0.01 | 0.01 | .25 |
| Social activity change | 0.47 | 0.11 | <.01 | 0.11 | 0.10 | .30 | 0.12 | 0.06 | .03 | 0.06 | 0.01 | <.01 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Semantic knowledge | ||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Intercept | 30.49 | 0.86 | <.01 | 38.19 | 0.54 | <.01 | 24.08 | 0.22 | <.01 | 43.77 | 0.71 | <.01 |
| Age | −0.55 | 0.17 | <.01 | −0.28 | 0.04 | <.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | .35 | 0.08 | 0.03 | .02 |
| Female | −4.20 | 1.05 | <.01 | 1.19 | 0.78 | .13 | 0.70 | 0.30 | .02 | −0.01 | 0.46 | .99 |
| Education | 1.43 | 0.19 | <.01 | 1.03 | 0.14 | <.01 | 1.12 | 0.05 | <.01 | 0.77 | 0.07 | <.01 |
| Social activity | 0.87 | 0.40 | .03 | 0.10 | 0.25 | .70 | −0.22 | 0.10 | .02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | .63 |
| Age × social activity | −0.10 | 0.15 | .47 | 0.08 | 0.03 | <.01 | −0.01 | 0.01 | .61 | 0.01 | 0.01 | .77 |
| Education × social activity | 0.03 | 0.17 | .84 | −0.06 | 0.09 | .50 | −0.05 | 0.03 | .15 | 0.01 | 0.01 | .61 |
| Slope | −0.85 | 0.11 | <.01 | −0.46 | 0.08 | <.01 | −0.12 | 0.01 | <.01 | −0.16 | 0.03 | <.01 |
| Age | −0.05 | 0.02 | .03 | −0.04 | 0.01 | <.01 | −0.01 | 0.00 | <.01 | −0.01 | 0.01 | <.01 |
| Female | 0.19 | 0.13 | .15 | 0.12 | 0.12 | .30 | 0.06 | 0.02 | <.01 | 0.03 | 0.04 | .42 |
| Education | 0.03 | 0.03 | .29 | −0.02 | 0.02 | .32 | 0.00 | 0.00 | .78 | −0.01 | 0.01 | .18 |
| Social activity | 0.11 | 0.07 | .12 | 0.01 | 0.04 | .95 | 0.01 | 0.01 | .01 | −0.01 | 0.01 | .40 |
| Social activity change | 0.86 | 0.19 | <.01 | 0.17 | 0.17 | .33 | 0.08 | 0.06 | .13 | −0.01 | 0.01 | .93 |
Values represent model coefficients and their standard error. Across all studies, time was measured in years since baseline visit and activity change was entered as a time-varying covariate. All other variables represent baseline measurements alone, in interaction with one another, or in interaction with time.