Table 2.

Tobacco use and exposure biomarker levels

	Cigarette smoke (N = 163)	Spit tobacco (N = 76)	Iqmik (N = 20)	Dual use (N = 31)	Nonuser (N = 107)
Tobacco use
Cigarettes/d	7.8 (5.21)	—	—	5.7 (3.1)	—
Tins/wk	—	1.6 (1.5)	1.2 (1.3)	1.3 (1.0)e 0.5 (0.6)f
Plasma
Cotinine, ng/mL	170.6c (154.5–186.6)	221.0b (190.7–251.2)	343.2a (251.6–434.8)	187.1b,c (141.1–233.1)	0.3d (0.1–0.5)
3HC, ng/mL	75.5b (65.4–85.5)	95.1b (76.6–113.5)	207.1a (120.0–294.3)	76.1b (54.5–97.7)	0.1c (0.05–0.2)
Cotinine + 3HC, nmol/mL	1.36c (1.23–1.49)	1.75b (1.50–1.99)	3.03a (2.16–3.89)	1.46b,c (1.10–1.81)	0.002d (0.001–0.003)
Urine
Nicotine equivalents, pmol/mg creatinine	61.4b (54.8–68.1)	72.8b (59.6–86.0)	116.8a (96.3–137.2)	55.2b (41.4–69.0)	0.1c (0–0.001)
NNAL, pmol/mg creatinine	0.89c,d (0.76–1.04)	4.14a (3.40–5.04)	0.59c (0.40–0.86)	1.08d (0.67–1.74)	0.01b (0.01–0.02)
NNNg, pmol/mg creatinine	0.00059a (0.00048–0.000073)	0.00070a (0.00053–0.00092)	0.00074a (0.00028–0.00196)	0.00114a (0.00071–0.00183)	0.00008b (0.00004–0.00016)
2-Napthol, pmol/mg creatinine	103.2a (89.4–119.2)	45.2b,c (36.6–55.9)	29.5b (23.1–37.7)	63.1c (48.0–82.8)	47.3b,c (37.6–59.6)
Sum of hydroxyfluorenes, pmol/mg creatinine	13.2a (11.6–15.1)	6.1b (5–7.4)	5.8b (4.7–7.2)	7.8b (4.9–12.4)	6.2b (5.1–7.6)
Sum of hydroxyphenanthrenes, pmol/mg creatinine	2.8a (2.4–3.2)	2.4a (1.8–3.2)	1.9a (1.4–2.6)	2.2a (1.3–3.6)	2.3a (1.9–2.9)
1-Hydroxypyrene, pmol/g creatinine	1.25a (1.08–1.44)	1.05a,b (0.75–1.46)	1.05a,b (0.65–1.71)	0.89a,b (0.69–1.14)	0.83b (0.64–1.08)

NOTE: Tobacco use parameters shown as mean (SD); plasma cotinine, 3HC, (cotinine + 3HC), and urine nicotine equivalents shown as arithmetic mean (95% CI); urine NNAL, NNN, and PAH metabolites shown as geometric mean (95% CI). Values in parenthesis indicate 95% CI.

^a,b,c,d Values with the same letter are not significantly different; different letters indicates significant differences between groups, P < 0.01.

^eSmokeless.

^fIqmik

^gN: cigarette smokers, 140; spit tobacco, 72; iqmik, 20; dual use, 28; nonusers, 23.