Table 1.

Calpains involved in cardiovascular diseases

Types of disorders	+/−a	Model system (Animal)	Calpainb	Inhibition or activation of calpain(s)	Substrates	Ref.
Cardiac hypertrophy and cardiomyocyte loss	–	Right ventricular pressure overload (feline)	1 and/or 2	ZLNalc	(gelsolin?)	89
Cardiac contractile dysfunction	–	Right ventricular pressure overload (swine)	1 and/or 2	ZVFald	—	90
Cardiac infarction and DNA damage	–	Coronary artery occlusion/reperfusion (rat)	1 and/or 2	ALLNale	—	91
Cardiac infarction and apoptosis	–	Ischaemia/reperfusion (rabbit and rat)	1 and/or 2	ALLNal, ZVFal	Bid	92
Cardiac contractile dysfunction	–	Ischaemia/reperfusion (rat)	1 and/or 2	Leupeptin	SR proteins	93
Cardiac infarction and contractile dysfunction	–	Coronary artery occlusion/ reperfusion (swine)	1 and/or 2	A-705253	—	115
Cardiac infarction, dysfunction, and apoptosis	–	Ischaemia/reperfusion (mouse)	1	Conditional CAPN1 Tgf, conditional PKCα fragment Tgf, calpastatin Tgf, Capn1−/−	PKCα	107
Myocardial hypertrophy/ fibrosis (associated with type 1 diabetes)	–	Ove26 Tgg and streptozotocin-injection (mouse)	1 and/or 2	Cardiac-specific Capns1−/−	—	94
Hyperglycaemia	–	Streptozotocin injection (rat)	1	ZLLalh, PD150606	—	95
Hyperglycaemia with hypoinsulinaemia	–	Zucker diabetic fatty rat	1	Anti-sense nucleotide, ZLLal	—	96
Hypertension, cardiovascular hypertrophy, and perivascular inflammation	–	Angiotensin-II infusion (mouse)	1 and/or 2	Calpastatin Tgi	Spectrin	97
Atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysms	–	Ldlr−/− and angiotensin-II infusion (mouse)	1	BDA-410	Spectrin-1	98
Atherosclerosis	–	Ldlr−/−, Apoe−/− (mouse)	2	ALLMalj, ZLNal, siRNA	VE-cadherin	99
Lethality	–	CAPN1 or CAPN2 Tg over-expression (mouse)	1 and 2	CAPN1 Tg, CAPN2 Tgk		105
Lethality with cardiomyocyte necrosis	–	CAPN1 Tg over-expression (mouse)	1	CAPN1 Tgf	Desmin, PKCα	105
(No phenotype)	NA	CAPN2 Tg over-expression (mouse)	2	CAPN2 Tgf		105
Dilated cardiomyopathy and atrial arrhythmias	+	Calpastatin Tg over-expression (mouse)	1	Calpastatin Tgk		105
Cardiomyopathy, cardiac dysfunction, and plasma membrane damage	+	Transverse aortic constriction, β-adrenergic stress (mouse)	1 and/or 2	Cardiac-specific Capns1−/−		110

^a+ or – indicates calpain(s) play a roles as an ameliorating or aggravating factor, respectively. NA, not applicable.

^b‘1’ and ‘2’ stand for CAPN1/S1[μ-calpain] and CAPN2/S1[m-calpain], respectively.

^cBenzyloxycarbonyl-Leu-Norleucinal, also called calpeptin.

^dBenzyloxycarbonyl-Val-phenylalaninal, also called calpain inhibitor III or MDL-28170.

^eAcetyl-Leu-Leu-Norleucinal, also called calpain inhibitor I.

^ftetracycline-suppressible (‘tet-off’) Myh6 promoter-driven conditional Tg mice.

^gFVB(Cg)-Tg(ins2-CALM)26OveTg(Cryaa-Tag)1Ove/PneJ Tg.

^hBenzyloxycarbonyl-Leu-leucinal.

ⁱCytomegalovirus immediate-early enhancer/promoter-driven conventional Tg mice.

^jAcetyl-Leu-Leu-methioninal, also called calpain inhibitor II.

^kMyh6 promoter-driven conventional Tg mice.