Table 1.

Evidence of inheritance and memory of stress or environmental effect

Stress or condition	Organism	Phenotype	Maintenance manner*	References
Arid condition	Midwife toad	Mating in water (?)	G (?)	Kammerer (1924); Pennisi (2009)
Nutrition limitation	Human	Increased lifestyle-related diseases	NG	Barker (1998)
Food supply	Human	Mortality	G	Pembrey et al. (2006)
Methyl donor supplement	Mouse	Decreased Agouti expression	G (?)/NG	Waterland & Jirtle (2003)
High-fat diet	Rat	β-cell dysfunction	G	Ng et al. (2010)
Low protein diet	Mouse	Metabolic gene expression	G	Carone et al. (2010)
UV light	Arabidopsis thaliana	Increased recombination	G	Molinier et al. (2006)
X-ray	Mouse	Elevated mutation rate	G	Barber et al. (2002)
Vinclozolin	Human	Decreased maternal fertility	G	Anway et al. (2005)
Reduced maternal care	Rat	Fearful phenotype	NG	Weaver et al. (2004)
Heat and osmotic stress	Drosophila melanogaster	Disrupted heterochromatin	G	Seong et al. (2011)

^*G, gametic phenomena. Inheritance over generation.

NG, nongametic phenomena, which persist into adulthood. (?), not completely proven.