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Some viruses and protozoans inhibit the nuclear–cytoplasmic protein trafficking of the host cell. The nuclear import of immune response factors such as Stat1 and NFκB is the target of certain viruses and protozoans. VEEV H68 inhibits both importin α/β1-mediated nuclear import and CRM1-dependent nuclear export pathways. Transportin- and importin 5-mediated nuclear imports are impaired by HPV L1 protein.
