Table 1.

Anti-inflammatory properties of PPARγ agonists in experimental models.

Model	PPARγ modulator	Effect	Authors
Acute colitis
DSS	Troglitazone	↓ Colonic inflammation	Su et al. 1999 [21]
		↓ Cytokine gene expression
	Rosiglitazone	Reduced inflammation	Saubermann et al. 2002 [22]
		More severe colitis	Ramakers et al. 2007 [23]
	Pioglitazone	Prevention colitis	Takagi et al. 2002 [24]
		Recovery from colitis	Hontecillas et al. 2011 [25]
		Reduced CXCL10 level	Schaefer et al. 2005 [26]
	PUFA	Accelerated remission
	CLA	Delayed onset of colitis	Bassaganya-Riera 2006 [27]
	CLA + VSL#3	Improvement of colitis	Bassaganya-Riera et al. 2012 [28]
	α-Eleostearic acid	Improvement of colitis	Lewis et al. 2011 [29]
TNBS	Troglitazone	Reduced inflammation	Desreumaux et al. 2001 [30]
	Rosiglitazone	Reduced inflammation
		Reduced inflammation	Sànchez-Hidalgo et al. 2007 [31]
	Pioglitazone	Reduced CXCL10 level	Schaefer et al. 2005 [26]
	FMOC-L-leu	Reduced inflammation	Rocchi et al. 2001 [32]
	5-ASA	Reduced inflammation	Rousseaux et al. 2005 [33]
	5-ASA in PPARγ+/−	No efficacy of 5-ASA
Acetic acid  ischaemia	THSG	Attenuated colon lesions	Zeng et al. 2011 [34]
	Rosiglitazone	Protection	Nakaijma et al. 2001 [35]
	15-d-PGJ2	Reduced injury	Cuzzocrea et al. 2003 [36]
	NS-398	Protection	Sato et al. 2005 [37]
	Glutamine	Protection	Sato et al. 2006 [38]
Bacterial	CLA	Attenuated inflammation	Hontecillas et al. 2002 [39]
Chronic colitis
DSS	Triglitazone	↓Cell proliferation	Tanaka et al. 2001 [40]
TNBS	Rosiglitazone	Protection	Sànchez-Hidalgoet al. 2005 [41]
CD4-CD45RBhi	CLA	Reduced inflammation	Bassaganya-Riera et al. 2004 [42]
IL-10 KO	Rosiglitazone	Slow onset colitis	Lytle et al. 2005 [43]
SAMP1/Yirfc	Rosiglitazone	Decreased severity	Sugawara et al. 2005 [44]
Genetic models
PPARγ +/−			Desreumaux et al. 2001 [30]
	Ischaemia	More severe damage	Nakaijma et al. 2011 [35]
			Saubermann et al. 2002 [22]
	DSS + PUA	Loss protective effect PUA	Hontecillas et al. 2011 [25]
AdPPARγ			Katayama et al. 2003 [39]
SAMP1/yifc			Sugawara et al. 2005 [44]
PPARγCre+			Bassaganya-Riera et al. 2004 [42]
PPARγΔMφ	DSS	Increased susceptibility	Shah et al. 2007 [45]
PPARγfifi	DSS	Accelerated colitis	Guri et al. 2010 [46]
		Worsen colonic lesions	Mohapatra et al. 2010 [47]

5-ASA: 5-aminosalycilic acid; 15dPGJ2: 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2; CLA: conjugated linoleic acid; PUFA: n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; DSS: dextransodiumsulphate; FMOC-L-leu: fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl-L-leucine; IL-10 KO: interleukin 10 knockout mice; PPARγCre: PPARγ conditional knockout mice; TNBS: 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid; PUA: punicic acid; THSG: 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside.