Table 3.
Multivariable analysis of the association between mothers’ education and child stunting – with imputed data
| Factor | Model 1 Coef. (95 % CI) | p-val | Model 2 Coef. (95 % CI) | p-val | Model 3 Coef. (95 % CI) | p-val |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Mother Education | ||||||
| Secondary + (ref.) |
- |
|
- |
|
- |
|
| Primary and below |
1.29 (1.11, 1.51) |
0.001 |
1.30 (1.11, 1.52) |
0.001 |
1.26 (1.08, 1.48) |
0.004 |
|
Child’s Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Female (ref.) |
- |
|
- |
|
- |
|
| Male |
|
|
1.57 (1.40, 1.77) |
0.000 |
1.57 (1.40, 1.77) |
0.000 |
|
Child’s Birth Weight | ||||||
| Above 2500 (ref.) |
- |
|
- |
|
- |
|
| Less than 2500 |
|
|
2.80 (2.12, 3.70) |
0.000 |
2.72 (2.06 , 3.60) |
0.000 |
|
Mother's Age | ||||||
| 15-19 (ref.) |
- |
|
- |
|
- |
|
| 20-24 |
|
|
|
|
1.03 (0.83, 1.27) |
0.818 |
| 25-29 |
|
|
|
|
1.04 (0.82, 1.33) |
0.734 |
| 30-34 |
|
|
|
|
1.04 (0.78, 1.39) |
0.787 |
| 35 > |
|
|
|
|
1.13 (0.82, 1.56) |
0.471 |
|
Mother’s Marital Status | ||||||
| Curr. in union (ref.) |
- |
|
- |
|
- |
|
| Ever in union |
|
|
|
|
1.47 (1.18, 1.84) |
0.001 |
| Never married |
|
|
|
|
1.56 (1.25, 1.94) |
0.000 |
|
Mother’s Parity | ||||||
| First birth (ref.) |
- |
|
- |
|
- |
|
| 2 births |
|
|
|
|
1.31 (1.11, 1.55) |
0.002 |
| 3 and above |
|
|
|
|
1.39 (1.14, 1.69) |
0.001 |
|
Mother’s Ethnicity | ||||||
| Kikuyu (ref.) |
- |
|
- |
|
- |
|
| Luhya |
|
|
|
|
0.91 (0.75, 1.11) |
0.350 |
| Luo |
|
|
|
|
0.88 (0.73, 1.05) |
0.162 |
| Kamba |
|
|
|
|
1.03 (0.85, 1.23) |
0.781 |
| Others |
|
|
|
|
1.01 (0.44, 2.30) |
0.978 |
|
Number of observations |
4770 |
|
4770 |
|
4770 |
|
|
Log-Likelihood |
−3165.2 |
|
−3105.7 |
|
−3080.69 |
|
|
Factor |
Model 4 Coef. (95 % CI) |
p-val |
Model 5 Coef. (95 % CI) |
p-val |
Model 6 Coef. (95 % CI) |
p-val |
|
Mother’s Education |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Secondary + (ref.) |
- |
|
- |
|
- |
|
| Primary and below |
1.24 (1.05, 1.46) |
0.010 |
1.22 (1.03,1.43) |
0.018 |
1.21 (1.02,1.43) |
0.025 |
|
Child’s Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Female (ref.) |
- |
|
- |
|
- |
|
| Male |
1.59 (1.41, 1.80) |
0.000 |
1.60 (1.42,1.80) |
0.000 |
1.60 (1.42,1.80) |
0.000 |
|
Child’s Birth Weight |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Above 2500 (ref.) |
- |
|
- |
|
- |
|
| Less than 2500 |
2.99 (2.25, 3.97) |
0.000 |
2.96 (2.23,3.93) |
0.000 |
2.96 (2.23,3.93) |
0.000 |
|
Mother's Age |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 15-19 (ref.) |
- |
|
- |
|
- |
|
| 20-24 |
1.04 (0.84, 1.29) |
0.689 |
1.05 (0.85,1.30) |
0.655 |
1.05 (0.85,1.30) |
0.642 |
| 25-29 |
1.10 (0.86, 1.41) |
0.426 |
1.12 (0.88,1.43) |
0.357 |
1.12 (0.88,1.44) |
0.349 |
| 30-34 |
1.11 (0.83, 1.48) |
0.494 |
1.12 (0.84,1.51) |
0.437 |
1.12 (0.84,1.51) |
0.432 |
| 35 > |
1.20 (0.87, 1.67) |
0.270 |
0.21 (0.87,1.68) |
0.258 |
1.21 (0.87,1.68) |
0.254 |
|
Mother’s Marital status | ||||||
| Currently in union (ref.) |
- |
|
- |
|
- |
|
| Ever in union |
1.41 (1.13, 1.77) |
0.003 |
1.37 (1.09,1.72) |
0.007 |
1.36 (1.09,1.71) |
0.007 |
| Never married |
1.64 (1.14, 1.78) |
0.002 |
1.35 (1.08,1.70) |
0.009 |
1.35 (1.08,1.69) |
0.010 |
|
Mother’s Parity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| First birth (ref.) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 2 births |
1.23 (1.04, 1.47) |
0.016 |
1.21 (1.02,1.44) |
0.028 |
1.21 (1.02,1.44) |
0.028 |
| 3 and above |
1.22 (1.00, 1.49) |
0.054 |
1.16 (0.95,1.43) |
0.151 |
1.16 (0.94,1.42) |
0.156 |
|
Mother’s Ethnicity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kikuyu (ref.) |
- |
|
- |
|
- |
|
| Luhya |
0.83 (0.68, 1.01) |
0.063 |
0.82 (0.67,1.00) |
0.047 |
0.74 (0.67,1.00) |
0.047 |
| Luo |
0.78 (0.65, 0.95) |
0.013 |
0.77 (0.64,0.94) |
0.008 |
0.77 (0.64,0.93) |
0.008 |
| Kamba |
0.97 (0.80, 1.17) |
0.743 |
0.98 (0.81,1.18) |
0.822 |
0.99 (0.82,1.20) |
0.924 |
| Others |
0.97 (0.42, 2.21) |
0.937 |
0.99 (0.43, 2.26) |
0.975 |
0.99 (0.43,2.26) |
0.980 |
|
Pregnancy Intentions | ||||||
| Wanted now (ref.) |
- |
|
- |
|
- |
|
| Wanted later |
1.38 (1.20, 1.58) |
0.000 |
1.37 (1.19,1.57) |
0.000 |
1.36 (1.19,1.56) |
0.000 |
| Not ever wanted |
1.19 (0.96, 1.44) |
0.113 |
1.17 (0.95,1.43) |
0.132 |
1.16 (0.95,1.42) |
0.157 |
|
Ante-natal Visits |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Above 4 (ref.) |
- |
|
- |
|
- |
|
| Less than 4 |
0.95 (0.84, 1.08) |
0.454 |
0.95 (0.83,1.07) |
0.398 |
0.95 (0.83,1.07) |
0.384 |
|
Place of Delivery |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Health Facility (ref.) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| TBA & Home |
1.39 (1.20, 1.61) |
0.000 |
1.38 (1.19, 1.60) |
0.000 |
1.39 (1.20,1.61) |
0.000 |
| Others (enroute to hospital) |
0.98 (0.67, 1.42) |
0.903 |
1.01 (0.69,1.47) |
0.958 |
1.02 (0.70,1.50) |
0.905 |
|
Knowledge when to introduce other foods |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes (ref.) |
- |
|
- |
|
- |
|
| No |
1.07 (0.94, 1.22) |
0.299 |
1.07 (0.94,1.22) |
0.324 |
1.07 (0.94,1.22) |
0.317 |
|
Social Economic Status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Lowest (ref.) |
- |
|
- |
|
- |
|
| Middle |
|
|
0.93 (0.80,1.07) |
0.312 |
0.93 (0.80,1.08) |
0.333 |
| Highest |
|
|
0.77 (0.66,0.91) |
0.001 |
0.78 (0.66,0.66) |
0.002 |
|
Slum of Residence |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Korogocho (ref.) |
- |
|
- |
|
- |
|
| Viwandani |
|
|
|
|
0.96 (0.84,1.11) |
0.590 |
|
Number of observations |
4770 |
|
4770 |
|
4770 |
|
| Log-Likelihood | −3055.98 | −3050.38 | −3050.2 | |||