Table 1.
Studies focused on sex differences in 3-dimensional (3D) calculated knee abduction.
| Participants: Age, y | Tasks | Instrumentation | Variables | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benjaminse (2008)4 | ||||
| Recreational athletes Male (n = 15): 22.7 ± 1.6 Female (n = 15): 22.1 ± 1.7 |
Single-leg stop jump | 3D passive motion 6 cameras |
Knee abduction angle | No sex difference |
| Chappell (2007)6 | ||||
| Recreational athletes Male (n = 17): 22.6 ± 2.2 Female (n = 19): 22.3 ± 2.2 |
Double-leg vertical stop jump | 3D passive motion 8 cameras |
Knee abduction angle Flight phase |
No sex difference |
| Chappell (2002)7 | ||||
| Recreational athletes Male (n = 10): 23.4 ± 1.1 Female (n = 10): 21.0 ± 1.7 |
Double-leg forward jump Double-leg vertical stop jump Double-leg backward jump |
3D passive motion 4 cameras 2 force platforms |
Knee abduction moment during landing | Females increased abduction |
| Chaudhari (2007)8 | ||||
| Recreational athletes Male (n = 12): 20.3 ± 1.7 Female–no oral contraceptive (n = 12): 19.1 ± 1.0 Female–oral contraceptive (n = 13): 20.3 ± 1.0 |
Single-leg horizontal hop Double-leg box drop vertical Double-leg vertical jump |
3D passive motion 2 cameras 1 force plate |
Knee abduction moment | No sex difference |
| Cortes (2007)9 | ||||
| University students (exercise 30 min/d at least 3 times/wk) Male (n = 25): 24.4 ± 2.3 Female (n =25): 23.3 ± 2.5 |
Double-leg box drop vertical | Electromagnetic sensors 2 force platforms |
Knee abduction angle | No sex difference |
| Earl (2007)11 | ||||
| Moderately active (exercise 30 min/d at least 3 times/wk) Male (n = 18): 23.5 ± 3.8 Female (n = 19): 22.2 ± 2.6 |
Double-leg box drop vertical Single-leg step down |
3D passive motion 6 cameras |
Knee abduction angle | Females increased abduction |
| Ford (2003)12 | ||||
| High school basketball players Male (n = 34): 16.0 ± 1.2 Female (n = 47): 16.0 ± 1.4 |
Double-leg box drop vertical | 3D passive motion 8 cameras 2 force platforms |
Knee abduction angle | Females increased abduction |
| Ford (2006)13 | ||||
| College athletes (Division I) Male (n = 11) Female (n = 11) |
Single-leg medial box drop Single-leg lateral box drop |
3D passive motion 8 cameras 2 force platforms |
Knee abduction angle | Females increased abduction at IC Females increased abduction peak |
| Ford (2010)14 | ||||
| High school basketball and soccer Male–pubertal (n = 37) Male–postpubertal (n = 13) Female–pubertal (n = 145) Female–postpubertal (n = 120) |
Double-leg box drop vertical | 3D passive motion 8 cameras 2 force platforms |
Knee abduction angle Knee abduction moment |
Postpubertal females increased abduction compared to pubertal females Postpubertal females increased abduction compared to postpubertal males |
| Garrison (2005)16 | ||||
| College soccer players Male (n = 8): 19.3 ± 1.5 Female (n = 8): 22.1 ± 2.4 |
Single-leg box drop | 3D passive motion 10 cameras 1 force platform |
Knee adduction moment Knee abduction moment |
Females decreased adduction No sex difference |
| Gehring (2009)17 | ||||
| Physically active Male (n = 13): 25.0 ± 2.4 Female (n = 13): 22.6 ± 1.5 |
Double-leg box drop landing | 3D passive motion 6 cameras 1 force platform |
Knee abduction angle | Females increased abduction |
| Hart (2008)19 | ||||
| College soccer (Division I) Male (n = 8): 19.1 ± 1.4 Female (n = 8): 22.0 ± 2.1 |
Single-leg forward hop | 3D passive motion 10 cameras 1 force platform |
Knee abduction angle Knee abduction moment |
Males decreased adduction angle No sex difference |
| Hewett (2004)20 | ||||
| Soccer and basketball players Male–prepubertal (n = 27): 12.0 ± 0.6 Male–pubertal (n = 24): 14.2 ± 1.4 Male–postpubertal (n = 30): 15.8 ± 1.7 Female–prepubertal (n = 14): 11.5 ± 0.7 Female–pubertal (n = 28): 12.6 ± 1.1 Female–postpubertal (n = 58): 15.5 ± 1.5 |
Double-leg box drop vertical | 3D passive motion 8 cameras 2 force platforms |
Knee abduction angle | Postpubertal females increased abduction compared with postpubertal males Postpubertal females increased abduction compared with prepubertal and pubertal females |
| Hughes (2008)22 | ||||
| University volleyball players Male (n = 6): 21.6 ± 3.3 Female (n = 6): 21.2 ± 1.3 |
Double-leg volleyball block landing | 3D passive motion 12 cameras 2 force platforms |
Knee abduction angle | Females increased abduction |
| Jacobs (2005)23 | ||||
| Recreational athletes Male (n = 8): 24.1 ± 2.2 Female (n = 10): 22.1 ± 2.3 |
Single-leg forward hop | 3D passive motion 6 cameras |
Knee abduction angle | No sex difference |
| Jacobs (2007)24 | ||||
| Healthy adults Male (n = 15): 24.4 ± 3.0 Female (n = 15): 23.2 ± 2.9 |
Single-leg forward hop | Electromagnetic sensors | Knee abduction angle | No sex difference |
| Kernozek (2005)27 | ||||
| Recreational athletes Male (n = 15): 24.5 ± 2.3 Female (n = 15): 23.6 ± 1.8 |
Double-leg drop landing | 3D passive motion 6 cameras 1 force platform |
Knee abduction angle Knee abduction moment |
Females increased abduction Females decreased abduction moment |
| Kernozek (2008)26 | ||||
| Recreational athletes Male (n = 16): 23.8 ± 0.4 Female (n = 14): 23.0 ± 0.9 |
Double-leg drop landing | 3D passive motion 6 cameras 1 force platform |
Knee abduction angle Knee abduction moment |
Females increased abduction angle No sex difference in moment |
| Kiriyama (2009)28 | ||||
| Healthy high school students Male (n = 88): 17.1 ± 0.8 Female (n = 81): 16.9 ± 1.2 |
Single-leg box drop | 3D optoelectronic tracking system 1 force platform |
Knee abduction angle | No sex difference |
| McLean (2007)32 | ||||
| College athletes (Division I) Male (n = 10): 20.7 ± 1.3 Female (n = 10): 20.8 ± 0.8 |
Double-leg box drop vertical | 3D passive motion 6 cameras 2 force platforms |
Knee abduction angle Knee abduction moment |
Females increased abduction angle Females increased abduction moment |
| Nagano (2007)33 | ||||
| University athletes Male (n = 18): 19.8 ± 4.6 Female (n = 19): 19.4 ± 0.9 |
Single-leg box drop | 3D passive motion 7 cameras 1 force platform |
Knee abduction angle | No sex difference |
| Pappas (2007)35 | ||||
| Recreational athletes Male (n = 16): 28.8 ± 3.9 Female (n = 16): 28.2 ± 5.4 |
Double-leg box drop Single-leg box drop |
3D passive motion 8 cameras 1 force platform |
Knee abduction angle | Females increased abduction angle |
| Pappas (2007)36 | ||||
| Recreational athletes Male (n = 16): 28.8 ± 3.9 Female (n = 16): 28.2 ± 5.4 |
Double-leg box drop | 3D passive motion 8 cameras 1 force platform |
Knee abduction angle | Females increased abduction angle |
| Russell (2006)37 | ||||
| Healthy subjects Male (n = 16): 24 ± 5 Female (n = 16): 21 ± 6 |
Double-leg drop landing | 3D passive motion 10 cameras 1 force platform |
Knee abduction angle | Females increased abduction angle |
| Swartz (2005)39 | ||||
| Recreational athletes Male–adults (n = 14): 23.6 ± 3.2 Male–children (n = 15): 9.6 ± 1.0 Female–adults (n = 14): 24.2 ± 2.3 Female–children (n = 15): 9.2 ± 1.0 |
Double-leg landing (50% effort vertical jump) | 3D passive motion 6 cameras 1 force platform |
Knee abduction angle | No sex difference Children increased abduction angle compared with adults |
| Wallace (2008)40 | ||||
| Female athletes (Division III), male athletes (recreational) Male (n = 11): 24.1 ± 3.4 Female (n = 11): 19.0 ± 0.9 |
Double-leg drop vertical | 3D passive motion 6 cameras 1 force platform |
Knee abduction angle | No sex difference |
| Yu (2005)42 | ||||
| Youth recreational soccer players Male (n = 30): 5 per age group 11–16 Female (n = 30): 5 per age group 11–16 |
Double-leg vertical stop jump | 3D passive motion 6 cameras 2 force platforms |
Knee abduction angle | Females increased abduction angle Females increased abduction motion as they got older |