Table 2.
Associations between NSAID use and lung cancer death in VITAL (n=785).
| NSAID | 10-year Use
|
P-trend | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-user | Low (<4d/wk or <4y) | High (≥4d/wk and ≥4y) | ||
| Regular-strength NSAIDsc | ||||
| Lung cancer deaths, n, Yes/No | 245/136 | 131/60 | 105/50 | |
| HR (95% CI) for lung cancer deatha | 1.00 (reference) | 1.19 (0.95–1.48) | 1.10 (0.87–1.39) | 0.27 |
| HR (95% CI) for lung cancer deathb | 1.00 (reference) | 1.54 (1.20–1.96) | 1.14 (0.87–1.51) | 0.10 |
| Regular-strength aspirin | ||||
| Lung cancer deaths, n, Yes/No | 351/189 | 69/31 | 83/38 | |
| HR (95% CI) for lung cancer deatha | 1.00 (reference) | 1.14 (0.87–1.50) | 1.05 (0.81–1.35) | 0.53 |
| HR (95% CI) for lung cancer deathb | 1.00 (reference) | 1.49 (1.10–2.01) | 0.99 (0.74–1.33) | 0.51 |
| Non-aspirin NSAIDsd | ||||
| Lung cancer deaths, n, Yes/No | 356/186 | 106/50 | 33/15 | |
| HR (95% CI) for lung cancer deatha | 1.00 (reference) | 1.08 (0.86–1.35) | 1.15 (0.79–1.67) | 0.37 |
| HR (95% CI) for lung cancer deathb | 1.00 (reference) | 1.22 (0.94–1.59) | 1.20 (0.79–1.83) | 0.14 |
| Ibuprofen | ||||
| Lung cancer deaths, n, Yes/No | 402/209 | 73/41 | 29/6 | |
| HR (95% CI) for lung cancer deatha | 1.00 (reference) | 0.94 (0.72–1.24) | 1.65 (1.10–2.47) | 0.13 |
| HR (95% CI) for lung cancer deathb | 1.00 (reference) | 0.96 (0.71–1.30) | 1.62 (1.01–2.58) | 0.21 |
| Low-dose aspirin | ||||
| Lung cancer deaths, n, Yes/No | 323/158 | 78/50 | 89/37 | |
| HR (95% CI) for lung cancer deatha | 1.00 (reference) | 0.88 (0.68–1.14) | 1.05 (0.82–1.35) | 0.94 |
| HR (95% CI) for lung cancer deathb | 1.00 (reference) | 0.92 (0.68–1.23) | 0.89 (0.67–1.17) | 0.36 |
Abbreviations: NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval
Adjusted for age at diagnosis and sex
Adjusted for age at diagnosis, sex, race, pack-years of smoking, self-perceived health, fruit and vegetable consumption, chronic-obstructive pulmonary disease, family history of lung cancer, ulcer, migraine or chronic headaches, osteoarthritis or chronic joint pain, rheumatoid arthritis, coronary artery disease, stage at diagnosis, year of diagnosis, histology, surgical treatment, lymph node resection, radiation, chemotherapy, and other NSAIDs
Includes regular-strength aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and COX-2 inhibitors
Includes ibuprofen, naproxen, and COX-2 inhibitors