Table 1. Patient Characteristics.

	control group (n = 30)	Paroxysmal AF group (n = 30)	P value	persistent AF group (n = 30)	P value
Age, (y)	37±13	42.6±13.5	0.144	62±13	<.0001
Male sex, n (%)	20(66.67)	18(60.00)	0.6863	15(50.00)	0.4857
Left atrial diameter,(mm)	43±5	50±9	0.001	55±8	<.0001
Hypertension, n (%)	10(33.33)	13(43.33)	0.4857	22(73.33)	0.0137
LVEF, (%)	63.5±5.5	63±7	0.3794	63.5±6.5	0.4065
Antiarrhythmic drug therapy, n (%)	2(6.67)	12(40.00)	0.0483	25(85.33)	<.0001