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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Sep 18.
Published in final edited form as: Eur Urol. 2011 Nov 12;61(3):549–559. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.11.009

Table 1.

Prognostic and predictive biomarkers in castration-resistant prostate cancer

Baseline prognostic factors Prognostic factors post-treatment Predictive factors
Performance status PSA declines None validated
Visceral metastatic disease Pain improvements
Anemia Quality-of-life improvements
Alkaline phosphatase (bone) Change in CTC count (≥5 to <5)
Pain PSA PFS
PSA and PSA by RT-PCR Radiographic PFS
PSA kinetics Induction of immunity to tumor antigens (sipuleucel-T)
Circulating tumor cell count
Lactate dehydrogenase
Albumin
Type of progression (bone, measurable disease, PSA only)
No. of sites of disease
Age
VEGF levels
Interleukin-6 levels
Chromogranin-A
C-reactive protein
Serum TRAP-5b and other bone turnover markers (sCTX, P1NP, others)
Gleason sum in primary
Urine N-telopeptide

PSA = prostate-specific antigen; CTC = circulating tumor cell; RT-PCR = reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; PFS = progression-free survival; VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor; TRAP = tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase; sCTX = serum type 1 C-telopeptide; P1NP = procollagen-1 N-terminal telopeptide.