Table 2.

Oral health parameters, salivary flow rates and the expression of hBD2 mRNA and its salivary protein levels in HIV-infected subjects with and without ART and non-HIV individuals

Variables	HIV status			ART status of HIV-infected subjects
	HIV-infected subjects (n= 157)	Non-HIV individuals (n=50)	P-value	No ART (n=58)	Short-term ART (<3 yr) (n=45)	Long-term ART (≥3 yr) (n=54)	P-value
Presence of oral lesions
Yes	110 (70%)	21 (42%)	< 0.001	46 (81%)	26 (57%)	38 (70%)	0.029
No	47 (30%)	29 (58%)		11 (19%)	20 (43%)	16 (30%)
Presence of periodontal pockets
Yes	127 (82%)	41 (85%)	0.734	51 (89%)	31 (69%)	45 (85%)	0.022
No	28 (18%)	7 (15%)		6 (11%)	14 (31%)	8 (15%)
Presence of bleeding on probing
Yes	146 (94%)	46 (96%)	0.736	57 (100%)	38 (83%)	51 (96%)	< 0.001
No	10 (6%)	2 (4%)		0 (0%)	8 (17%)	2 (4%)
Salivary flow rates (ml/min)
- Unstimulated saliva
Range	0.1–0.4	0.2–0.6	< 0.001	0.1–0.4	0.1–0.3	0.1–0.4	0.026
Median	0.2	0.4		0.2	0.2	0.3
- Stimulated saliva
Range	0.9–2.2	1.4–2.7	< 0.001	0.9–2.3	0.7–2.1	1.2–2.4	0.089
Median	1.5	1.9		1.3	1.4	1.7
Expression of hBD2 mRNA
Mean (SD)	176.55 (503.68)	101.08 (239.87)	0.639	271.60 (713.91)	141.34 (371.03)	109.07 (289.37)	0.558
Salivary hBD2 levels (pg/ml)
- Unstimulated saliva
Mean (SD)	113.90 (101.26)	47.79 (21.30)	<0.001*	107.35 (74.89)	116.04 (134.49)	118.03 (93.65)	0.800**
- Stimulated saliva
Mean (SD)	269.34 (202.28)	156.32 (92.97)	<0.001*	157.51 (109.08)	421.33 (208.96)	248.51 (187.96)	<0.001**

^*Student’s t-test or Wilcoxon rank sum test if non-normally distributed

^**Kruskal-Wallis test