Table 2.
Histopathologic changes in the stomach, concomitant histopathologic changes and the degree of H. pylori colonization in the case and control groups
| Case group (HP positive) | Control group (HP negative) | Total | P-value or Exact | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breast milk | Formula | Breast milk | Formula | ||||
| Histopathologic changes in stomach | Normal | 1 | 0 | 24 | 0 | 24 | <0.0011 |
| Mild gastritis | 11 | 1 | 27 | 4 | 42 | 0.0011 | |
| Intermediate gastritis | 10 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 12 | 0.031 | |
| Severe gastritis | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.12 | |
| Active gastritis | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0.0061 | |
| Follicular gastritis | 31 | 7 | 11 | 0 | 42 | <0.0011 | |
| Peptic ulcer | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 12 | |
| Concomitant histopathologic changes | Esophagitis | 38 | 4 | 44 | 3 | 89 | 0.41 |
| Duodenitis | 12 | 1 | 15 | 0 | 28 | 0.71 | |
| Duodenal villous atrophy | 4 | 1 | 8 | 0 | 13 | 0.41 | |
| Giardia infection | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 12 | |
| Duodenal ulcer | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 12 | |
| Degree of H. pylori colonization | Mild | 31.25 | 33.33 | 0.022 | |||
| Moderate | 31.25 | 0 | |||||
| Severe | 37.5 | 66.67 | |||||
1
Pearson's χ 2 test
2
Fisher's exact test
HP: Helicobacter pylori