Fig 4.

Phylogeography of VZV clades around the world. Based on the data in this minireview, the most likely explanation for VZV dispersal around the world is by VZV coevolution with modern humans as humans with latent varicella infection migrated out of Africa around 60 to 100 kya into Arabia and then onward to Asia and Europe. In 2008, five clades were recognized after a VZV consensus nomenclature meeting (5). Further information about the clades is found in the text. The most recent ancestor to the five VZV clades remains to be defined.