Figure 6.

Histomorphometric and immunohistochemical images of peri-implant tissue (400×).

Notes: Osteoblastic cells, collagen, osteocalcin, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression were observed in the TiO₂ nanotube layer, microporous titanium, and polished titanium plates. More osteoblasts aggregated at the interface of the TiO₂ nanotube layers than on the other two groups. Increased staining of collagen, osteocalcin, and vascular endothelial growth factor (black arrow) were observed in TiO₂ nanotube layer specimens at 2 weeks. NHE, MHE, and FHE: osteoblastic cells stained by hematoxylin and eosin on the TiO₂ nanotube layer, microporous titanium, and flat titanium specimens. NMA, MMA, and FMA: collagen stained by Masson assay on TiO₂ nanotube layer, microporous titanium, and flat titanium specimens. NOC, MOC, and FOC: osteocalcin expressed on TiO₂ nanotube layer, microporous titanium, and flat titanium specimens. NVE, MVE, and FVE: vascular endothelial growth factor expressed on TiO₂ nanotube layer, microporous titanium, and flat titanium specimens.