Figure 4. Ammonia removal efficiency and observed biomass yield for continuous flow cultivated Nitrosomonas europaea.

Period 1 was defined by growth on synthetic media prepared from ACS grade chemicals. Period 2 was defined by cultivation on spent media from Period 1 that was electrochemically regenerated. Period 3 was defined by cultivation on spent media from Period 2 that was electrochemically regenerated. COD represents the chemical oxygen demand associated with complete oxidation to CO₂. Replicate results are presented in Figure S1.