Table 1.
Means and Standard Deviations (in Parentheses) for Nursing Homes by Ownership, 2003–2008
| Type of Ownership Group | Chains Purchased by Private Equity Firms | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top 10 For-Profit Chain Facilities | Other For-Profit Chain Facilities | For-Profit Nonchain Facilities | Nonprofit Chain Facilities | Nonprofit Nonchain Facilities | Govern-ment Facilities | Total Facilities | Genesis Health Care | Golden Living | HCR Manor Care | Sava Senior Care | |
| N | 1,977 (11.4%) | 5,234 (30.2%) | 4,368 (25.2%) | 1,918 (11.1%) | 2,773 (16.0%) | 1,046 (6.0%) | 17,316 | 203 (1.2%) | 325 (1.9%) | 283 (1.6%) | 185 (1.1%) |
| Staffing | |||||||||||
| RN hours per resident day | 0.56 (0.25) | 0.54***(0.44) | 0.52***(0.36) | 0.85***(0.83) | 0.89***(0.84) | 0.81***(0.73) | 0.64 (0.58) | 0.65 (0.24) | 0.51 (0.20) | 0.56 (0.28) | 0.48 (0.23) |
| Total hours per resident day | 3.39 (0.69) | 3.57***(0.97) | 3.59***(0.96) | 4.04***(1.32) | 4.28***(1.32) | 4.28***(1.34) | 3.75 (1.11) | 3.56 (0.60) | 3.15 (0.51) | 3.53 (0.79) | 3.17 (0.55) |
| Deficiencies | |||||||||||
| Number of deficiencies | 9.50 (8.02) | 9.26*(8.36) | 8.77***(8.06) | 6.85***(6.49) | 5.98***(6.06). | 6.78***(6.39) | 8.26 (7.74) | 8.92 (8.03) | 7.62 (7.20) | 9.70 (7.54) | 10.32 (8.30) |
| Number of deficiencies causing harm or jeopardy | 0.70 (1.46) | 0.66*(1.53) | 0.56***(1.41) | 0.44***(1.12) | 0.38***(0.99) | 0.46***(1.18) | 0.56 (1.36) | 0.51 (1.18) | 0.47 (1.11) | 0.61 (1.22) | 0.83 (1.62) |
| Facility characteristics | |||||||||||
| Number of facility beds | 119.85 (43.85) | 106.12***(49.47) | 112.09***(63.10) | 99.07***(65.40) | 103.06***(81.67) | 119.10 (126.80) | 108.81 (66.60) | 125.23 (46.73) | 101.71 (39.87) | 133.93 (38.24) | 122.04 (37.01) |
| % Occupancy rate | 87.41 (11.11) | 82.46***(14.98) | 84.21***(14.28) | 86.56***(13.54) | 88.48***(12.90) | 84.76***(14.89) | 85.02 (14.08) | 91.65 (6.47) | 87.49 (11.21) | 86.77 (10.69) | 84.24 (11.71) |
| Hospital-based (1=yes) | 0 | 0.02***(0.15) | 0.01***(0.11) | 0.15***(0.36) | 0.21***(0.41) | 0.33***(0.47) | 0.08 (0.27) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| % Medicaid residents | 61.34 (17.36) | 65.41***(20.43) | 67.99***(20.37) | 50.97***(26.58) | 51.70***(27.34) | 63.62***(24.76) | 61.74 (23.20) | 65.79 (12.24) | 67.59 (14.22) | 48.53 (19.00) | 66.39 (14.64) |
| Resident acuity | |||||||||||
| Limitations in activities of daily living | 5.85 (0.55) | 5.84*(0.66) | 5.79***(0.71) | 5.77***(0.62) | 5.76***(0.68) | 5.77***(0.71) | 5.80 (0.66) | 5.94 (0.44) | 5.71 (0.57) | 5.98 (0.45) | 5.84 (0.54) |
| % Residents receiving rehabilitation | 26.93 (13.19) | 20.94***(15.42) | 17.11***(14.12) | 23.49***(23.54) | 22.48***(23.99) | 16.39***(20.85) | 21.00 (18.13) | 25.02 (10.26) | 23.61 (11.04) | 35.68 (14.87) | 22.43 (10.86) |
| Market factors | |||||||||||
| Herfindahl (concentration) | 0.20 (0.23) | 0.22***(0.24) | 0.19***(0.23) | 0.23***(0.25) | 0.21***(0.24) | 0.40***(0.32) | 0.22 (0.25) | 0.16 (0.20) | 0.25 (0.24) | 0.10 (0.11) | 0.20 (0.22) |
| Excess beds in county | 13.26 (7.54) | 16.74***(9.78) | 15.94***(9.58) | 13.53***(8.11) | 12.75***(7.82) | 15.08***(10.55) | 15.05 (9.20) | 9.45 (4.07) | 12.86 (8.49) | 13.01 (5.72) | 16.24 (8.28) |
Note. T-tests for significance comparing the top 10 chains with each ownership group separately.
***
p < .001,
**
p < .01,
*
p < .05 significance levels.