Table 1. Descriptive Statistics of All Variables Included in Analyses.

	Mean or %	SD	Min	Max
Maternal depression
Depression at 1-year survey	15.5%
Depression at 3-year survey	20.6%
Depression at 5-year survey	17.0%
Depression at 9-year survey	17.4%
Depression chronicitya
No depression	62.2%
Intermittent depression	30.7%
Persistent depression	7.1%
Demographic characteristics
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white	21.6%
Non-Hispanic black	48.3%
Hispanic	26.4%
Non-Hispanic other race	3.7%
Foreign-born	15.4%
Age
Younger than 25 years	53.7%
25 to 34 years	34.6%
35 years and older	9.5%
Education
Less than high school	33.8%
High school diploma or GED	30.7%
Post-secondary education	35.5%
Employed in past week	53.1%
Log of household income	9.852	(1.371)	0	11.804
Relationship status with child’s father
Married	24.4%
Cohabiting	36.2%
Non-residential romantic relationship	26.5%
No relationship	12.9%
Number of children in household	2.263	(1.305)	1	9
Depression chronicity of child’s father
No depression	73.0%
Intermittent depression	24.2%
Chronic depression	2.9%
N	4,366

Note: With two exceptions, all demographic characteristics are measured at baseline. Employed in the past week is measured at the one-year survey, and depression chronicity of the child’s father captures responses from the 1-, 3-, 5-, and 9-year surveys.

^aMothers have intermittent depression if they report depression at one or two of the four survey waves. Mothers have persistent depression if they report depression at three or four of the four survey waves.