Table 2. Demographic Characteristics, by Maternal Depression Chronicity.

	Maternal depression chronicitya
	No depression	Intermittent depression	Persistentdepression	p
Race/ethnicity				0.002
Non-Hispanic white	20.9%	20.6%	24.9%
Non-Hispanic black	45.8%	50.4%	53.7%
Hispanic	29.0%	25.6%	19.1%
Non-Hispanic other race	4.3%	3.4%	2.3%
Foreign-born	18.9%	13.2%	8.0%	0.000
Age				0.005
Younger than 25 years	51.4%	56.9%	57.9%
25 to 34 years	35.9%	33.6%	30.5%
35 years and older	10.4%	7.5%	10.0%
Education				0.000
Less than high school	32.2%	39.0%	33.9%
High school diploma or GED	30.5%	30.2%	30.3%
Post-secondary education	37.3%	30.8%	35.8%
Employed in past week	55.3%	48.4%	51.3%	0.000
Log of household income	9.917	9.740	9.629	0.000
Relationship status with child’s father				0.000
Married	27.4%	19.2%	19.0%
Cohabiting	35.2%	38.0%	40.8%
Non-residential romantic relationship	25.3%	28.6%	22.5%
No relationship	12.1%	14.3%	17.7%
Number of children in household	2.224	2.320	2.325	0.045
Depression chronicity of child’s father				0.000
No depression	76.9%	69.8%	58.9%
Intermittent depression	20.8%	26.6%	37.9%
Persistent depression	2.3%	3.6%	3.2%
N	2,715	1,340	311

Note: With two exceptions, all demographic characteristics are measured at baseline. Employed in the past week is measured at the 1-year survey, and depression chronicity of the child’s father captures responses from the 1-, 3-, 5-, and 9-year surveys. Chi-square tests or ANOVA tests, depending on the distribution of the independent variable, compare differences across groups.

^aMothers have intermittent depression if they report depression at one or two of the four survey waves. Mothers have persistent depression if they report depression at three or four of the four survey waves.