Table 3. Multinomial Logistic Regression Models Estimating Maternal Depression Chronicity.
| Intermittent depression vs. no depression | Persistent depression vs. no depression | |||||||||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |||||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White (reference) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.96 | (0.79, 1.17) | 0.96 | (0.78, 1.17) | 0.89 | (0.65, 1.23) | 0.89 | (0.64, 1.22) | ||||
| Hispanic | 0.87 | (0.65, 1.16) | 0.86 | (0.64, 1.16) | 0.61 | (0.39, 0.98) | * | 0.61 | (0.38, 0.97) | * | ||
| Non-Hispanic other race | 1.01 | (0.67, 1.52) | 1.02 | (0.68, 1.53) | 0.68 | (0.29, 1.58) | 0.69 | (0.29, 1.62) | ||||
| Foreign-born | 0.77 | (0.54, 1.09) | 0.77 | (0.54, 1.09) | 0.57 | (0.31, 1.04) | ∧ | 0.57 | (0.31, 1.04) | ∧ | ||
| Age | ||||||||||||
| Younger than 25 years (reference) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| 25 to 34 years | 1.06 | (0.90, 1.24) | 1.06 | (0.91, 1.24) | 0.90 | (0.71, 1.15) | 0.91 | (0.71, 1.15) | ||||
| 35 years and older | 0.85 | (0.65, 1.11) | 0.85 | (0.65, 1.10) | 1.06 | (0.63, 1.79) | 1.05 | (0.62, 1.78) | ||||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Less than high school (reference) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| High school diploma or GED | 0.85 | (0.74, 0.99) | * | 0.85 | (0.74, 0.98) | * | 0.93 | (0.61, 1.43) | 0.93 | (0.61, 1.43) | ||
| Post-secondary education | 0.83 | (0.67, 1.04) | 0.83 | (0.67, 1.04) | 1.14 | (0.81, 1.60) | 1.14 | (0.82, 1.59) | ||||
| Employed in past week | 0.80 | (0.72, 0.90) | *** | 0.80 | (0.72, 0.90) | *** | 0.86 | (0.65, 1.14) | 0.86 | (0.65, 1.14) | ||
| Log of household income | 0.96 | (0.92, 1.00) | ∧ | 0.96 | (0.93, 1.00) | ∧ | 0.88 | (0.82, 0.95) | ** | 0.88 | (0.81, 0.95) | ** |
| Relationship status with child’s father | ||||||||||||
| Married (reference) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Cohabiting | 1.39 | (1.11, 1.74) | ** | 1.47 | (1.11, 1.96) | ** | 1.53 | (0.88, 2.68) | 1.96 | (1.10, 3.49) | * | |
| Non-residential romantic relationship | 1.36 | (1.06, 1.76) | * | 1.58 | (1.14, 2.18) | ** | 0.98 | (0.49, 1.97) | 1.35 | (0.61, 2.96) | ||
| No relationship | 1.43 | (1.09, 1.87) | ** | 1.67 | (1.19, 2.33) | ** | 1.64 | (0.92, 2.91) | ∧ | 2.38 | (1.27, 4.46) | ** |
| Number of children in household | 1.03 | (0.98, 1.47) | 1.02 | (0.98, 1.07) | 1.03 | (0.93, 1.14) | 1.03 | (0.94, 1.14) | ||||
| Depression chronicity of child’s father | ||||||||||||
| No depression (reference) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Intermittent depression | 1.25 | (1.06, 2.12) | ** | 1.70 | (1.14, 2.52) | ** | 1.92 | (1.55, 2.36) | *** | 3.60 | (1.93, 6.73) | *** |
| Persistent depression | 1.37 | (0.89, 1.09) | 2.12 | (0.80, 5.62) | 1.33 | (0.64, 2.76) | 3.32 | (0.78, 14.21) | ||||
| Depression chronicity of child’s father * relationship status | ||||||||||||
| Intermittent depression * cohabiting | 0.78 | (0.50, 1.20) | 0.51 | (0.22, 1.19) | ||||||||
| Intermittent depression * non-residential romantic relationship | 0.60 | (0.33, 1.08) | ∧ | 0.41 | (0.19, 0.90) | * | ||||||
| Intermittent depression * no relationship | 0.62 | (0.38, 1.02) | ∧ | 0.41 | (0.17, 0.99) | * | ||||||
| Persistent depression * cohabiting | 0.73 | (0.25, 2.09) | 0.40 | (0.11, 1.48) | ||||||||
| Persistent depression * non-residential romantic relationship | 0.58 | (0.22, 1.50) | 0.37 | (0.05, 2.61) | ||||||||
| Persistent depression * no relationship | 0.45 | (0.13, 1.53) | 0.11 | (0.80, 117.57) | ||||||||
| Intercept | −0.40 | −0.48 | −1.09 | −1.320 | ||||||||
| Log likelihood | −3615 | −3605 | −3615 | −3605 | ||||||||
| N | 4,366 | 4,366 | 4,366 | 4,366 | ||||||||
Note: With two exceptions, all demographic characteristics are measured at baseline. Employed in the past week is measured at the 1-year survey, and depression chronicity of the child’s father captures responses from the 1-, 3-, 5-, and 9-year surveys. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.
∧
p<0.10,
*
p<0.05,
**
p<0.01,
***
p<0.001.
a
Mothers have intermittent depression if they report depression at one or two of the four survey waves. Mothers have persistent depression if they report depression at three or four of the four survey waves.