Table 4. Random- and Fixed-Models Estimating Change in Maternal Depression.
| Random-effects model | Fixed-effects model | |||||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white (reference) | – | – | – | – | ||
| Non-Hispanic black | 0.85 | (0.69, 1.04) | – | – | ||
| Hispanic | 0.71 | (0.56, 0.91) | ** | – | – | |
| Non-Hispanic other race | 0.82 | (0.51, 1.32) | – | – | ||
| Foreign-born | 0.68 | (0.53, 0.89) | ** | – | – | |
| Age | ||||||
| Younger than 25 years (reference) | – | – | – | – | ||
| 25 to 34 years | 1.03 | (0.91, 1.18) | 1.01 | (0.87, 1.17) | ||
| 35 years and older | 0.96 | (0.80, 1.16) | 1.01 | (0.78, 1.30) | ||
| Education | ||||||
| Less than high school (reference) | – | – | – | – | ||
| High school diploma or GED | 0.90 | (0.73, 1.11) | 1.14 | (0.74, 1.78) | ||
| Post-secondary education | 0.90 | (0.75, 1.08) | 0.92 | (0.65, 1.32) | ||
| Employed in past week | 0.67 | (0.59, 0.75) | *** | 0.81 | (0.71, 0.94) | ** |
| Log of household income | 0.93 | (0.89, 0.97) | *** | 0.97 | (0.92, 1.02) | |
| Relationship status with child’s father | ||||||
| Married (reference) | – | – | – | – | ||
| Cohabiting | 1.10 | (0.94, 1.30) | 1.03 | (0.84, 1.26) | ||
| Non-residential romantic relationship | 1.49 | (1.23, 1.81) | *** | 1.21 | (0.97, 1.52) | ∧ |
| No relationship | 1.84 | (1.55, 2.18) | *** | 1.58 | (1.28, 1.96) | *** |
| Number of children in household | 1.02 | (0.97, 1.07) | 1.01 | (0.94, 1.07) | ||
| Depression in child’s father | 1.37 | (1.14, 1.64) | ** | 1.22 | (0.99, 1.49) | ∧ |
| Log likelihood | −6,609 | −2,041 | ||||
| Person-year observations | 15,758 | 5,555 | ||||
| N | 4,366 | 1,496 | ||||
Note: OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.
∧
p<0.10,
*
p<0.05,
**
p<0.01,
***
p<0.001.