Table 4. Beta coefficients for waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio ( × 100) at age 24 years according to one unit s.d. increase in conditional weight gain from birth to 23 years.
|
Waist circumference (cm) |
Hip circumference (cm) |
Waist-to-hip ratio ( × 100) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude | Model 1 | Model 2 | Crude | Model 1 | Model 2 | Crude | Model 1 | |
| β (CI 95%) | β (CI 95%) | β (CI 95%) | β (CI 95%) | β (CI 95%) | β (CI 95%) | β (CI 95%) | β (CI 95%) | |
| Males | ||||||||
| Birth | 2.8*** (2.0;3.6) | 2.1*** (1.2;3.0) | −0.1 (−0.6;0.3) | 2.8*** (1.0;2.4) | 2.1*** (1.3;2.8) | 0.5** (0.2;0.9) | 0.4* (0.0;0.8) | 0.3 (−0.1;0.8) |
| 0–2 years | 2.5*** (1.6;3.5) | 1.8** (0.7;2.8) | −0.2 (−0.7;0.3) | 2.6*** (1.8;3.4) | 1.9*** (1.0;2.7) | 0.5* (0.1;0.9) | 0.3 (−0.1;0.7) | 0.2 (−0.3;0.7) |
| 2–4 years | 2.4*** (1.3;3.5) | 2.1*** (1.1;3.2) | 0.1 (−0.4;0.5) | 2.3*** (1.4;3.2) | 2.0*** (1.1;2.9) | 0.3 (−0.1;0.7) | 0.4 (−0.1;0.9) | 0.4 (−0.1;0.9) |
| 4–15 years | 5.8*** (4.9;6.7) | 5.3*** (4.4;6.2) | 0.8** (0.3;1.3) | 4.9*** (4.1;5.6) | 4.4*** (3.7;5.2) | 0.6** (0.2;1.1) | 1.6*** (1.1;2.0) | 1.5*** (1.1;2.0) |
| 15–18/19 years | 4.6*** (3.7;5.5) | 4.2*** (3.3;5.1) | 0.5* (0.0;1.0) | 3.9*** (3.1;4.7) | 3.5*** (2.8;4.3) | 0.4* (0.0;0.9) | 1.2*** (0.8;1.7) | 1.1*** (0.6;1.6) |
| 18/19–23 years | 3.6*** (2.6;4.6) | 3.4*** (2.4;4.4) | 0.7** (0.2;1.2) | 2.7*** (1.8;3.6) | 2.6*** (1.7;3.4) | 0.0 (−0.4;0.4) | 1.3*** (0.8;1.7) | 1.2*** (0.7;1.7) |
| Females | ||||||||
| Birth | 1.6*** (0.82.5) | 2.0*** (1.0;2.9) | −0.1 (−0.7;0.5) | 2.8*** (2.0;3.7) | 2.7*** (1.7;3.6) | 1.0*** (0.4;1.6) | −0.5* (−1.0;0.0) | 0.0 (−0.6;0.5) |
| 0–2 years | 1.7*** (0.8;2.7) | 2.3*** (1.3;3.3) | 0.0 (−0.6;0.6) | 2.9*** (2.0;3.8) | 2.9*** (2.0;3.9) | 1.1*** (0.5;1.7) | −0.5 (−1.0;0.1) | 0.1 (−0.5;0.6) |
| 2–4 years | 2.5*** (1.5;3.5) | 2.2*** (1.3;3.2) | 0.8** (0.2;1.4) | 2.3*** (1.3;3.4) | 1.9*** (0.9;2.9) | 0.1 (−0.6;0.7) | 0.7* (0.1;1.3) | 0.7* (0.2;1.3) |
| 4–15 years | 5.5*** (4.7;6.4) | 5.0*** (4.1;5.8) | 1.2*** (0.5;1.9) | 5.7*** (4.8;6.5) | 5.4*** (4.5;6.2) | 1.7*** (1.0;2.4) | 1.2*** (0.7;1.8) | 1.0*** (0.4;1.5) |
| 15–18/19 yearsa | 3.6*** (2.6;4.5) | 2.9*** (2.0;3.8) | 1.0** (0.4;1.6) | 3.3*** (2.3;4.2) | 2.6*** (1.6;3.6) | 0.3 (−0.4;0.9) | 1.0*** (0.4;1.6) | 0.7* (0.1;1.2) |
| 18/19–23 yearsb | 4.0*** (3.1;4.9) | 3.8*** (2.9;4.6) | 1.2*** (0.5;1.8) | 3.8*** (2.8;4.8) | 3.6*** (2.7;4.6) | 0.6 (−0.1;1.3) | 1.1*** (0.5;1.6) | 0.9*** (0.4;1.5) |
a
Excluding 27 pregnant women in 2000.
b
Excluding 20 pregnant and 8 post-partum women in 2004–2005.
Stratified by sex.
P-value *⩽0.05; **⩽0.01; ***⩽0.001.
Model 1—Adjusted for perinatal variables: family income at birth, maternal education, maternal skin color, maternal height, maternal BMI before the pregnancy, smoking in pregnancy, and gestational age.
Model 2—As for model 1, with waist circumference and hip circumferences adjusted to each other.