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. 2012 Sep 21;7(9):e45251. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045251

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© 2012 Smith et al

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.

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During voltage clamp recordings (A), Na⁺ channel current is seen as a quick inward spike in response to depolarizing steps in absence of drug (A, left panel). Cs⁺ has been added to the internal solution to block all confounding K⁺ current. In the presence of 3 µM morphine (A, right panel), the amplitude of Na⁺ channel currents is reduced. A current density-voltage relationship (B) shows that morphine (3 µM) significantly inhibits Na⁺ flow. Significance is determined via two-way ANOVA (n = 8, * = p<0.05).