Table 3. Predictive associations (odds-ratios) along with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of number of lifetime estimated DSM-IV disorders with the subsequent first onset of other estimated DSM-IV disorders based on the best-fitting multivariate survival model (n = 6,483)a.
Number of predictor disorders | ||||||||||||
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2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7+ | |||||||
Outcome disorders | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) |
|
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I. Fear disorders | ||||||||||||
Specific phobia | 1.0 | 0.5-2.0 | 0.3 | 0.1-1.1 | 0.9 | 0.2-4.9 | 0.7 | 0.1-7.0 | 1.2 | 0.1-11.4 | 3.6 | 0.3-45.5 |
Agoraphobiab | 0.6 | 0.2-1.7 | 0.4 | 0.0-2.4 | 0.4 | 0.0-3.8 | 0.1 | 0.0-2.0 | 0.0* | 0.0-0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0-6.4 |
Social phobia | 0.8 | 0.4-1.9 | 0.6 | 0.2-2.0 | 0.4 | 0.1-2.7 | 0.1 | 0.0-1.5 | 0.1* | 0.0-0.7 | 1.0 | 0.0-65.5 |
Panic disorderc | 0.9 | 0.4-2.2 | 1.1 | 0.2-6.7 | 0.4 | 0.0-7.6 | 0.3 | 0.0-6.4 | 0.4 | 0.0-14.1 | 0.0 | 0.0-5.1 |
II. Distress disorders | ||||||||||||
Separation anxiety disorder | 0.7 | 0.3-1.6 | 1.0 | 0.3-3.2 | 0.9 | 0.2-4.7 | 0.7 | 0.1-5.4 | 0.0* | 0.0-0.2 | 1.8 | 0.1-51.6 |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | 0.7 | 0.3-1.6 | 0.6 | 0.1-2.3 | 0.1* | 0.0-0.3 | 0.1* | 0.0-0.7 | 0.1 | 0.0-1.7 | 0.0* | 0.0-0.4 |
Major depressive disorder/dysthymia | 0.8 | 0.4-1.3 | 0.4* | 0.2-0.8 | 0.2* | 0.1-0.6 | 0.1* | 0.0-0.2 | 0.1* | 0.0-0.4 | - | - |
Generalized anxiety disorder | 1.0 | 0-.33.6 | 0.9 | 0.1-5.5 | 0.7 | 0.1-9.0 | 0.2 | 0.0-3.5 | 0.2 | 0.0-8.8 | 0.0 | 0.0-28.6 |
III. Behavior disorders | ||||||||||||
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | 1.2 | 0.3-5.1 | 3.0 | 0.3-30.2 | 0.6 | 0.0-15.3 | ||||||
Oppositional defiant disorder | 0.8 | 0.4-1.6 | 0.6 | 0.3-1.2 | 0.2* | 0.0-0.9 | 0.1* | 0.0-0.8 | 0.0* | 0.0-0.4 | 0.0* | 0.0-0.5 |
Conduct disorder | 1.0 | 0.5-2.4 | 0.4 | 0.1-1.2 | 0.4 | 0.6-2.0 | 0.2 | 0.0-1.3 | 0.1 | 0.0-1.0 | 0.2 | 0.0-9.6 |
Eating disordersd | 0.8 | 0.3-2.1 | 0.3* | 0.1-0.8 | 0.2 | 0.0-1.2 | 0.2 | 0.0-1.4 | 0.1 | 0.0-1.3 | 0.0* | 0.0-0.04 |
IV. Substance disorders | ||||||||||||
Alcohol abusee | 0.6 | 0.2-1.8 | 0.6 | 0.1-2.8 | 0.3 | 0.0-2.2 | 0.1* | 0.0-0.9 | 0.0* | 0.0-0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0-1.6 |
Drug abusee | 0.9 | 0.4-1.9 | 0.4 | 0.2-1.3 | 0.2* | 0.0-1.0 | 0.1* | 0.0-1.0 | 0.3 | 0.0-4.6 | 0.0* | 0.0-0.4 |
V. Other disorders | ||||||||||||
Bipolar disorderf | 0.4* | 0.2-0.8 | 0.2* | 0.1-0.6 | 0.2 | 0.0-0.7 | 0.0* | 0.0-0.3 | 0.0* | 0.0-0.02 | 0.0* | 0.0-0.02 |
Significant at the .05-level, two-sided test
Based on a discrete-time (person-year) survival model in which first lifetime onset of each of the 15 estimated DSM-IV disorders is predicted by 14 dummy variables for prior lifetime history of the other disorders, dummy variables for number of prior lifetime disorders (2-7+), and socio-demographic controls (sex, race/ethnicity, region of the country, urbanicity, parent education, number of biological parents with whom the adolescent lives, birth order, number of siblings, and age).
Agoraphobia is assessed with or without panic disorder
Panic Disorder is assessed with or without agoraphobia
Includes anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder
With or without dependence
includes Bipolar-I, Bipolar-II, and sub-threshold bipolar disorder