Table 4.
Associations between selected fat intake from food consumptions and glaucoma among African American women who had known glaucoma status and completed Block Food Frequency Questionnaire in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures year-10 clinic visit (N=584).
| Average daily intake of fats from food | N (%) | OR (95% CI)a |
|---|---|---|
| Total fat (g) | ||
| <40 | 167 (29%) | 1.00 (referent) |
| 40–54 | 147 (25%) | 0.46 (0.21–0.99) |
| 55–69 | 113 (19%) | 0.86 (0.41–1.79) |
| ≥70 | 157 (27%) | 0.90 (0.46–1.77) |
| Trend p-value | 0.821 | |
| Saturated fat (g) | ||
| <12 | 144 (25%) | 1.00 (referent) |
| 12–16 | 146 (25%) | 0.84 (0.40–1.79) |
| 17–23 | 145 (25%) | 0.93 (0.44–1.95) |
| ≥24 | 149 (26%) | 1.18 (0.57–2.45) |
| Trend p-value | 0.511 | |
| Omega-3 PUFA (g) | ||
| <0.09 | 140 (24%) | 1.00 (referent) |
| 0.09–0.15 | 143 (24%) | 1.40 (0.67–2.93) |
| 0.16–0.27 | 154 (26%) | 1.24 (0.58–2.64) |
| ≥0.28 | 147 (25%) | 1.24 (0.57–2.68) |
| Trend p-value | 0.821 | |
| Omega-6 PUFA (g) | ||
| <7.5 | 139 (24%) | 1.00 (referent) |
| 7.5–9.9 | 141 (24%) | 0.91 (0.44–1.89) |
| 10–13.4 | 153 (26%) | 0.99 (0.48–2.07) |
| ≥13.5 | 151 (26%) | 1.02 (0.49–2.11) |
| Trend p-value | 0.890 | |
| Ratio of omega-3 PUFA to omega-6 PUFA | ||
| <0.01 | 157 (27%) | 1.00 (referent) |
| 0.01–0.014 | 137 (23%) | 1.11 (0.54–2.31) |
| 0.015–0.024 | 129 (22%) | 1.27 (0.61–2.65) |
| ≥0.025 | 161 (28%) | 1.13 (0.54–2.34) |
| Trend p-value | 0.791 | |
| Omega-3 PUFA: EPA (20:5) (g) | ||
| <0.03 | 207 (35%) | 1.00 (referent) |
| 0.03–0.05 | 209 (35%) | 1.17 (0.65–2.08) |
| ≥0.06 | 168 (29%) | 0.68 (0.34–1.36) |
| Trend p-value | 0.214 | |
| Omega-3 PUFA: DPA (22:5) (g) | ||
| <0.02 | 273 (47%) | 1.00 (referent) |
| 0.02 | 168 (29%) | 0.80 (0.43–1.47) |
| ≥0.03 | 143 (24%) | 0.75 (0.39–1.46) |
| Trend p-value | 0.401 | |
| Omega-3 PUFA: DHA (22:6) (g) | ||
| <0.05 | 165 (28%) | 1.00 (referent) |
| 0.05–0.07 | 133 (23%) | 1.01 (0.49–2.08) |
| 0.08–0.11 | 140 (24%) | 1.07 (0.53–2.16) |
| ≥0.12 | 146 (25%) | 0.94 (0.45–1.94) |
| Trend p-value | 0.854 | |
| Linoleic acid (18:2) (g) | ||
| <7.5 | 138 (24%) | 1.00 (referent) |
| 7.5–9.9 | 142 (24%) | 0.91 (0.44–1.89) |
| 10–13.4 | 154 (26%) | 1.03 (0.50–2.14) |
| ≥13.5 | 150 (26%) | 0.96 (0.46–1.99) |
| Trend p-value | 0.969 | |
| Linolenicacid (18:3) (g) | ||
| <1 | 155 (27%) | 1.00 (referent) |
| 1–1.29 | 135 (23%) | 0.90 (0.43–1.88) |
| 1.3–1.69 | 141 (24%) | 1.51 (0.75–3.04) |
| ≥1.7 | 153 (26%) | 0.83 (0.40–1.75) |
| Trend p-value | 0.663 | |
| Dietary fatty acid (18:4) (g) | ||
| 0 | 275 (47%) | 1.00 (referent) |
| 0.01 | 225 (39%) | 1.13 (0.65–1.95) |
| ≥0.02 | 84 (14%) | 0.65 (0.27–1.56) |
| Trend p-value | 0.467 | |
| Arachidonic acid (20:4) (g) | ||
| <0.07 | 141 (24%) | 1.00 (referent) |
| 0.07–0.099 | 138 (24%) | 1.34 (0.66–2.70) |
| 0.10–0.129 | 160 (27%) | 0.50 (0.23–1.09) |
| ≥0.13 | 145 (25%) | 0.84 (0.40–1.77) |
| Trend p-value | 0.341 |
CI=Confidence Interval; OR=Odds Ratio; PUFA=Polyunsaturated fatty acid; EPA=Eicosapentaenoic acid; DPA=Docosapentaenoic acid; DHA=Docosahexaenoic acid.
a
Based on multiple logistic regression models of the odds of glaucoma adjusting for potential confounders including study sites, age, education, smoking status, alcohol consumption, walking for exercise, body mass index, self-rated health status, presence of self-reported diabetes, and presence of self-reported hypertension.