Levels of expression of transcripts related to the Th1 cytokine response during muscle unloading and reloading. Expression levels of CD68 (A), IL-6 (B), CCL-2 (C) and TNF-α (D) were all elevated at 1-day of reloading in wild-type muscles, reflecting a Th1 cytokine response, although IRF-5 (E), CCR-2 (F) and IL-12 (G) were not elevated at that stage. The transcripts that were elevated at 1-day reloading were all significantly reduced by 4-days of reloading, reflecting resolution of the Th1 cytokine response. Null mutation of IL-10 amplified the Th1 cytokine response at 1-day of reloading, reflected in significant elevations of IL-6 and CCL-2. * indicates significantly different from ambulatory control muscle of same genotype at p < 0.05. § indicates significantly different from wild-type muscle under the same treatment conditions at p < 0.05. # indicates significantly different from 1-day reloaded muscle of same genotype at p < 0.05. Each bar represents the mean and sem for the muscles collected from 6 mice in each data set. All data in each set were normalized relative to expression levels in ambulatory, wild-type muscles which were set at 1.0.