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Time course of subjective drug effects on Visual Analogue Scale ratings. MDMA increased scores on all scales. Carvedilol did not affect any of the MDMA-induced increases in Visual Analogue Scale ratings. Carvedilol was administered at t =−1 h. MDMA was administered at t = 0 h. The values are expressed as mean ± SEM percentage of maximal values in 16 subjects.
