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. 2012 Dec 1;17(11):1610–1655. doi: 10.1089/ars.2011.4109

FIG. 1.

FIG. 1.

Free radicals are generated by various mechanisms. One way by which free radicals are generated is via release of superoxide anion from the mitochondria, leading to increased formation of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species and, consequently, damaging the biomolecules. (To see this illustration in color the reader is referred to the web version of this article at www.liebertonline.com/ars.)