Table 1.
Baseline characteristics (mean ± SD) of participants in the cross-sectional study (N = 2,793)
| Male (n = 1,217) | Female (n = 1,576) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 67.9 ± 9 | 64.1 ± 10.3 |
| Age group | ||
| 50–59 years | 272 (22.4%) | 658 (41.8%) |
| 60–69 years | 371 (30.5%) | 443 (28.1%) |
| 70–79 years | 465 (38.2%) | 328 (20.8%) |
| ≥80 years | 109 (9.0%) | 147 (9.3%) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 3.2 | 23.2 ± 3.8 |
| Femoral neck BMD (g/cm2) | 0.697 ± 0.122 | 0.612 ± 0.129 |
| Femoral neck BMD T-score | −0.93 ± 0.84 | −1.64 ± 1.26 |
| Handgrip strength (kg) | 31.42 ± 7.97 | 18.86 ± 5.56 |
| Handgrip strength T-score | −1.14 ± 0.95 | −1.06 ± 1.1 |
| BMD T-score −2.5 or less at spine or hip | 80 (6.6%) | 602 (38.2%) |
| Presence of prevalent fracture at spine, hip, distal forearm, and proximal humerus | 128 (10.5%) | 464 (29.4%) |
| History of fall in the last 12 months | 167 (13.7%) | 442 (28.0%) |
| Exercise >1 h/week | 755 (62.0%) | 803 (51.0%) |
| Presence of diabetes | 181 (14.9%) | 197 (12.5%) |
| Current and ever smoking | 443 (36.4%) | 76 (4.8%) |
| Current and ever drinking | 345 (28.3%) | 78 (4.9%) |