Table 2.

Baseline characteristics (mean ± SD) of participants in the prospective study (N = 1,702)

	Male (n = 882)	Female (n = 820)
Age (years)	67 ± 9.5	60.9 ± 8.4
BMI (kg/m2)	23.16 ± 3.21	23.49 ± 3.78
Femoral neck BMD (g/cm2)	0.694 ± 0.124	0.642 ± 0.114
Femoral neck BMD T-score	−0.95 ± 0.86	−1.34 ± 1.12
Handgrip strength (kg)	31.31 ± 8.26	19.87 ± 5.03
Handgrip strength T-score	−1.16 ± 0.98	−0.86 ± 0.99
BMD T-score −2.5 or less at spine or hip	63 (7.1%)	232 (27.9%)
Presence of incident fracture at spine, hip, distal forearm, and proximal humerus	17 (1.9%)	27 (3.2%)
Presence of prevalent fracture at spine, hip, distal forearm, and proximal humerus	116 (13.2%)	86 (10.5%)
History of fall in the last 12 months	114 (12.9%)	130 (15.9%)
Exercise >1 h/week	506 (57.4%)	395 (48.2%)
Presence of diabetes	122 (13.8%)	85 (10.4%)
Current and ever smoking	329 (37.3%)	37 (4.5%)
Current and ever drinking	253 (28.7%)	47 (5.7%)