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. 2012 Sep 13;2012:461592. doi: 10.1155/2012/461592

Table 5.

Mixed effects model summaries across four studies with baseline cognitive activity and activity change predicting four cognitive outcomes.

  Octo-Twin LBLS SLS VLS
Reasoning                   Communication Computation Conundrums
  b SE P b SE P b SE P b SE P b SE P b SE P
Intercept 11.17 0.64 <0.001 20.98 0.58 <0.001 14.83 0.18 <0.001 9.60 0.58 <0.001 9.06 0.56 <0.001 9.64 0.57 <0.001
Age −0.32 0.10 0.002 −0.60 0.05 <0.001 −0.35 0.01 <0.001 −0.25 0.02 <0.001 −0.22 0.02 <0.001 −0.24 0.02 <0.001
Sex 0.10 0.59 0.862 2.58 0.82 0.002 1.40 0.24 <0.001 −0.12 0.31 0.700 0.42 0.31 0.170 −0.19 −0.19 0.300
Education 0.39 0.14 0.015 1.24 0.15 <0.001 0.48 0.05 <0.001 0.29 0.05 <0.001 0.25 0.05 <0.001 0.32 0.05 <0.001
Activity 1.46 0.18 <0.001 0.02 0.33 0.956 0.34 0.11 0.001 0.45 0.20 0.024 1.24 0.19 <0.001 0.94 0.19 <0.001
Age × activity 0.05 0.06 0.389 0.09 0.04 0.020 0.01 0.01 0.286 0.00 0.02 0.876 0.04 0.02 0.078 0.02 0.02 0.447
Education × activity −0.05 0.06 0.453 0.04 0.10 0.702 −0.05 0.03 0.168 −0.12 0.05 0.020 0.00 0.05 0.923 0.05 0.05 0.404
Time −0.45 0.09 <0.001 −0.50 0.08 <0.001 −0.25 0.02 <0.001 −0.24 0.03 <0.001 −0.25 0.03 <0.001 −0.25 0.03 <0.001
Age × time −0.02 0.02 0.274 −0.03 0.01 0.000 −0.01 0.00 <0.001 −0.01 0.00 <0.001 −0.01 0.00 <0.001 −0.01 0.00 <0.001
Sex × time 0.09 0.10 0.367 0.07 0.11 0.536 0.01 0.02 0.545 0.02 0.03 0.598 0.04 0.03 0.232 0.01 0.03 0.643
Education × time 0.03 0.02 0.224 −0.06 0.02 0.008 −0.01 0.00 0.092 −0.01 0.01 0.091 −0.01 0.00 0.061 −0.01 0.00 0.138
Activity × time 0.02 0.03 0.595 0.05 0.05 0.337 0.01 0.01 0.173 0.03 0.02 0.145 0.05 0.02 0.025 −0.01 0.02 0.692
Activity change 0.41 0.13 0.002 0.28 0.20 0.164 0.24 0.09 0.006 0.38 0.14 0.005 0.49 0.13 <0.001 0.23 0.12 0.059
  — LBLS SLS VLS
Fluency                   Communication Computation Conundrums
        b SE P b SE P b SE P b SE P b SE P
Intercept       30.94 0.66 <0.001 36.46 0.46 <0.001 11.68 0.53 <0.001 11.28 0.55 <0.001 11.73 0.53 <0.001
Age       −0.31 0.05 <0.001 −0.34 0.04 <0.001 −0.08 0.02 0.001 −0.08 0.02 0.002 −0.07 0.02 0.006
Sex       3.42 0.93 <0.001 2.88 0.61 <0.001 0.63 0.34 0.065 1.02 0.36 0.005 0.54 0.34 0.115
Education       0.88 0.17 <0.001 1.17 0.11 <0.001 0.47 0.05 <0.001 0.58 0.05 <0.001 0.60 0.05 <0.001
Activity       1.14 0.37 0.002 1.03 0.27 0.001 1.80 0.22 <0.001 0.81 0.22 <0.001 1.68 0.21 <0.001
Age × activity       0.07 0.04 0.121 0.00 0.03 0.900 0.01 0.03 0.709 0.04 0.03 0.112 0.04 0.03 0.094
Education × activity       0.05 0.11 0.651 0.00 0.08 0.995 −0.12 0.06 0.042 −0.04 0.05 0.489 0.03 0.06 0.659
Time       −0.22 0.11 0.052 −0.42 0.04 <0.001 −0.11 0.03 <0.001 −0.13 0.03 <0.001 −0.13 0.03 <0.001
Age × time       −0.02 0.01 0.015 −0.02 0.00 <0.001 −0.01 0.00 0.001 −0.01 0.00 0.001 −0.01 0.00 0.001
Sex × time       −0.17 0.15 0.252 0.11 0.05 0.025 0.07 0.04 0.058 0.08 0.04 0.050 0.07 0.04 0.078
Education × time       0.01 0.03 0.778 −0.01 0.01 0.105 0.00 0.01 0.823 0.00 0.01 0.955 0.00 0.01 0.954
Activity × time       −0.06 0.07 0.350 0.02 0.02 0.324 0.00 0.03 0.868 0.02 0.03 0.448 0.01 0.03 0.793
Activity change       0.49 0.30 0.097 0.50 0.20 0.012 0.76 0.18 <0.001 0.68 0.18 <0.001 0.48 0.16 0.003
  Octo-Twin LBLS SLS VLS
Memory                   Communication Computation Conundrums
  b SE P b SE P b SE P b SE P b SE P b SE P
Intercept 8.84 0.29 <0.001 10.73 0.21 <0.001 11.68 0.13 <0.001 17.37 0.41 <0.001 17.06 0.40 <0.001 17.51 0.41 <0.001
Age −0.18 0.06 0.001 −0.20 0.02 <0.001 −0.18 0.01 <0.001 −0.19 0.02 <0.001 −0.17 0.02 <0.001 −0.18 0.02 <0.001
Sex 0.91 0.99 0.006 1.41 0.30 <0.001 1.40 0.18 <0.001 1.58 0.26 <0.001 2.13 0.27 <0.001 1.50 0.26 <0.001
Education 0.35 0.07 <0.001 0.25 0.05 <0.001 0.26 0.03 <0.001 0.23 0.04 <0.001 0.25 0.04 <0.001 0.30 0.04 <0.001
Activity 0.59 0.10 <0.001 0.17 0.12 0.142 0.41 0.08 <0.001 0.96 0.17 <0.001 1.17 0.16 <0.001 0.85 0.16 <0.001
Age × activity −0.01 0.04 0.930 0.00 0.01 0.776 0.00 0.01 0.901 0.07 0.02 <0.001 0.06 0.02 0.002 0.06 0.02 0.002
Education × activity −0.02 0.04 0.663 0.04 0.04 0.247 0.00 0.02 0.948 −0.07 0.04 0.127 −0.02 0.04 0.658 −0.04 0.05 0.345
Time −0.27 0.07 <0.001 −0.17 0.05 0.001 −0.17 0.01 <0.001 −0.26 0.03 <0.001 −0.26 0.03 <0.001 −0.28 0.03 <0.001
Age × time 0.00 0.02 0.947 0.00 0.00 0.627 −0.01 0.00 <0.001 −0.01 0.00 <0.001 −0.01 0.00 <0.001 −0.01 0.00 <0.001
Sex × time 0.06 0.08 0.465 −0.03 0.07 0.705 0.03 0.02 0.112 −0.01 0.03 0.783 −0.01 0.03 0.736 −0.01 0.03 0.660
Education × time 0.00 0.02 0.932 0.01 0.01 0.691 0.00 0.00 0.549 0.00 0.01 0.349 0.00 0.00 0.349 −0.01 0.00 0.246
Activity × time 0.03 0.02 0.231 0.04 0.03 0.216 0.00 0.01 0.827 0.01 0.02 0.708 0.00 0.02 0.923 0.03 0.02 0.164
Activity change 0.35 0.09 <0.001 0.25 0.12 0.039 0.25 0.07 0.001 0.71 0.13 <0.001 0.78 0.12 <0.001 0.18 0.12 0.126
Semantic knowledge Octo-Twin LBLS SLS VLS
                  Communication Computation Conundrums
b SE P b SE P b SE P b SE P b SE P b SE P
Intercept 31.60 0.69 <0.001 37.89 0.59 <0.001 24.54 0.23 <0.001 44.23 0.68 <0.001 43.66 0.68 <0.001 44.07 0.69 <0.001
Age −0.40 0.14 0.004 −0.29 0.05 <0.001 0.01 0.02 0.501 0.09 0.03 0.004 0.11 0.03 <0.001 0.09 0.03 0.004
Sex −5.17 0.85 <0.001 1.60 0.84 0.056 0.12 0.31 0.688 −0.07 0.44 0.865 0.68 0.46 0.137 −0.18 0.45 0.687
Education 1.60 0.20 <0.001 0.95 0.15 <0.001 0.99 0.06 <0.001 0.58 0.07 <0.001 0.65 0.07 <0.001 0.72 0.07 <0.001
Activity 2.21 0.25 <0.001 0.75 0.34 0.026 0.81 0.14 <0.001 1.97 0.28 <0.001 1.77 0.28 <0.001 1.37 0.27 <0.001
Age × activity 0.03 0.09 0.737 0.05 0.04 0.199 0.02 0.02 0.277 0.05 0.03 0.113 0.06 0.03 0.074 0.07 0.03 0.039
Education × activity −0.23 0.10 0.014 −0.05 0.10 0.647 −0.05 0.04 0.206 −0.33 0.07 <0.001 −0.28 0.07 <0.001 −0.09 0.08 0.242
Time −0.92 0.12 <0.001 −0.40 0.09 <0.001 −0.11 0.01 <0.001   0.03 <0.001 −0.14 0.03 <0.001 −0.16 0.03 <0.001
Age × time −0.05 0.03 0.064 −0.03 0.01 <0.001 −0.01 0.00 <0.001 −0.01 0.00 <0.001 −0.01 0.00 <0.001 −0.01 0.00 <0.001
Sex × time 0.30 0.14 0.036 0.05 0.12 0.678 0.06 0.02 0.001 0.03 0.04 0.379 0.02 0.04 0.533 0.03 0.04 0.439
Education × time 0.04 0.03 0.155 −0.03 0.02 0.185 0.00 0.00 0.447 0.00 0.01 0.510 0.00 0.01 0.725 0.00 0.01 0.453
Activity × time −0.02 0.04 0.571 0.03 0.05 0.627 0.01 0.01 0.069 0.02 0.02 0.442 −0.01 0.02 0.773 0.01 0.02 0.524
Activity change 0.47 0.17 0.005 0.44 0.20 0.027 0.26 0.07 <0.001 0.49 0.15 0.001 0.53 0.14 <0.001 0.49 0.13 <0.001

Values represent model coefficients and their standard error. Across all studies, time was measured in years since baseline visit, and activity change was entered as a time-varying covariate. All other variables represent baseline measurements alone, in interaction with one another or in interaction with time.