Table 3.

Current and Emerging Prognostic Parameters in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC)

Current Prognostic Parameters in ccRCC
Patient factors
Age
Sex
Pathologic factors
pTNM
Histologic type
Fuhrman grade
LVI
Tumor necrosis
Clinical factors
ECOG performance status
Hgb level
Serum LDH
Emerging Potential Molecular Prognostic and Predictive Parameters in ccRCC
Hypoxia inducible
HIF-1
CAIX
CAXII
CXCR4
VEGF/VEGF-R
ILGF1
Cell adhesion markers
EpCAM
E-cadherin
α-Catenin
Catenin-6
Proliferation markers
Ki-67
MCM2
Cell cycle regulators
Cyclin
p27
Apoptosis regulators
p53
Bcl2
Smac/DIABLO
mTOR pathway
PTEN
akt
Phos-S6k an

Abbreviations: ccRCC, clear cell renal cell carcinoma; ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; Hgb, hemoglobin; LVI, lymphovascular invasion; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.