|
Socio-demographic factors
|
| Age, mean (SD) |
76.9 (5.5) |
81.4 (5.7%) |
76.6 (5.3%) |
<0.001 |
| Currently married |
1278 (74.9%) |
73 (58.9%) |
1205 (76.2%) |
<0.001 |
| Live alone |
318 (18.1%) |
44 (35.5%) |
274 (17.5%) |
<0.001 |
| Social support satisfaction, high (DSSS score ≥19) |
1294 (76.9%) |
69 (57.0%) |
1225 (78.5%) |
<0.001 |
| Social interactions, high (DSSS score ≥9) |
1019 (61.2%) |
48 (40.3%) |
971 (62.8%) |
<0.001 |
| Country of birth |
| Australia |
849 (49.8%) |
82 (66.1%) |
767 (48.5%) |
|
| ESB immigrant |
105 (6.2%) |
9 (9.9%) |
96 (11.2%) |
|
| Non-ESB immigrant |
751 (44.1%) |
33 (28.7%) |
718 (48.4%) |
0.0002 |
|
Socio-economic factors
|
| Occupation, professional |
505 (29.8%) |
21 (16.9%) |
484 (30.8%) |
0.0011 |
| Own house outright |
1494 (88.9%) |
104 (86.0%) |
1390 (89.2%) |
0.27 |
| Years of education, ≥7 years |
1429 (84.7%) |
115 (94.3%) |
1314 (83.9%) |
0.002 |
| Source of income, pension only |
773 (45.9%) |
66 (54.1%) |
707 (45.3%) |
0.06 |
|
Health risk factors
|
| Physical activity, normal/high (PASE score ≥80) |
1263 (74.9%) |
55 (45.5%) |
1208 (77.2%) |
<0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption |
| Lifelong non-drinker |
147 (8.8%) |
8 (6.5%) |
139 (9.0%) |
|
| Ex-drinker |
250 (14.9%) |
30 (24.4%) |
220 (14.2%) |
|
| Safe drinker (1–21 drinks per week) |
1151 (68.7%) |
77 (62.6%) |
1074 (69.2%) |
|
| Harmful drinker (>21 drinks per week) |
127 (7.6%) |
8 (6.5%) |
119 (7.7%) |
0.02 |
| Smoking status |
| Never smoker |
629 (37.3%) |
51 (41.8%) |
578 (37.0%) |
|
| Previous smoker |
956 (56.7%) |
62 (50.8%) |
894 (57.2%) |
|
| Current smoker |
101 (6.0%) |
9 (7.4%) |
92 (5.9%) |
0.38 |
|
Health conditions
|
| Comorbidities, ≥5 |
237 (14.0%) |
30 (24.6%) |
207 (13.2%) |
0.0005 |
| Urinary incontinence |
232 (14.0%) |
27 (23.3%) |
205 (13.3%) |
0.003 |
| Visual acuity, low (<6/19) |
74 (4.5%) |
15 (12.5%) |
59 (3.9%) |
<0.001 |
| Chronic intrusive pain |
223 (13.4%) |
24 (20.5%) |
199 (12.8%) |
0.02 |
| Self-rated health, good or excellent |
1176 (69.9%) |
68 (57.1%) |
1108 (70.9%) |
0.002 |
| Shortness of breath |
210 (13.3%) |
24 (19.4%) |
186 (11.8%) |
0.013 |
| Hearing loss |
1027 (61.1%) |
85 (70.3%) |
942 (60.4%) |
0.03 |
| History of falls |
322 (19.1%) |
50 (41.7%) |
272 (17.4%) |
<0.001 |
| Depressive symptoms |
246 (14.6%) |
45 (37.5%) |
201 (12.9%) |
<0.001 |
| Anxiety symptoms |
123 (7.4%) |
10 (8.7%) |
113 (7.3%) |
0.57 |
| Cognitive status |
| Normal |
1492 (87.5%) |
73 (58.9%) |
1419 (89.8%) |
|
| Mild cognitive impairment |
120 (7.0%) |
14 (11.3%) |
106 (6.7%) |
|
| Dementia |
93 (5.5%) |
37 (29.8%) |
56 (3.5%) |
<0.001 |
|
Physical function and performance
|
| ADL disability (needing help with ≥1 task) |
141 (8.3%) |
40 (32.3%) |
101 (6.4%) |
<0.001 |
| IADL disability (needing help with ≥1 task) |
697 (41.6%) |
97 (80.8%) |
600 (38.6%) |
<0.001 |
| Grip strength, poor (lowest quartile and unable) |
486 (28.7%) |
71 (58.2%) |
415 (26.4%) |
<0.001 |
| Chair stands, slow (lowest quartile and unable) |
462 (27.7%) |
74 (63.3%) |
388 (25.0%) |
<0.001 |
| Walking speed, slow (lowest quartile and unable) |
242 (14.5%) |
59 (49.6%) |
183 (11.8%) |
<0.001 |
| Dynamic balance test, poor (lowest quartile and unable) |
478 (29.1%) |
70 (60.3%) |
408 (26.7%) |
<0.001 |
|
Medication use
|
| Polypharmacy (≥5 medicines) |
639 (37.7%) |
52 (42.3%) |
587 (37.3%) |
0.27 |
| Psychotropic medications |
211 (12.4%) |
22 (17.9%) |
189 (12.0%) |
0.06 |
|
Service use
|
| Stay in nursing home in past year |
29 (1.7%) |
9 (7.4%) |
20 (1.3%) |
<0.001 |
| Use of services in past year |
193 (11.3%) |
49 (39.5%) |
144 (9.1%) |
<0.001 |
