Table 1.
Characteristics of Ovarian Cancer Cases and Controls in the HOPE Study
| Case (n = 902) No. (%)a |
Control (n = 1,802) No. (%)a |
ORb (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years); mean (SD) | 58.29 (12.8) | 57.02 (12.4) | - |
| Race | |||
| Whitec | 856 (95) | 1758 (97) | 1.00 |
| Black | 35 (4) | 29 (2) | 2.23 (1.35–3.68) |
| Other | 11 (1) | 15 (1) | 1.43 (0.65–3.14) |
| Education | |||
| Not high school graduatec | 83 (9) | 82 (4) | 1.00 |
| High school graduate | 303 (34) | 535 (30) | 0.56 (0.40–0.78) |
| Post-high school | 251 (28) | 553 (31) | 0.45 (0.32–0.64) |
| College graduate or post-college | 265 (29) | 632 (35) | 0.43 (0.30–0.60) |
| Contraceptive used | |||
| Never usec | 120 (13) | 121 (7) | 1.00 |
| Any hormonal | 481 (53) | 1168 (65) | 0.41 (0.31–0.55) |
| Non-hormonal | 297 (33) | 508 (28) | 0.58 (0.43–0.77) |
| Oral contraception used, years | |||
| Never usec | 367 (41) | 531 (30) | 1.00 |
| <1–4 | 321 (35) | 667 (37) | 0.69 (0.56–0.85) |
| <5–9 | 142 (16) | 331 (18) | 0.61 (0.47–0.78) |
| >9 | 71 (8) | 273 (15) | 0.37 (0.27–0.51) |
| No. of full-term birthse(%) | |||
| Never pregnantc | 167 (19) | 167 (9) | 1.00 |
| 0 | 46 (5) | 63 (4) | 0.75 (0.49–1.17) |
| 1 | 120 (13) | 231 (13) | 0.52 (0.38–0.71) |
| 2 | 264 (29) | 601 (33) | 0.43 (0.33–0.56) |
| ≥3 | 305 (34) | 740 (41) | 0.37 (0.29–0.48) |
| Ever breastfeeding | |||
| Never pregnantc | 167 (18) | 167 (9) | 1.00 |
| Ever pregnant but never breastfeeding | 432 (48) | 747 (42) | 0.56 (0.44–0.72) |
| Any breastfeeding | 303 (34) | 888 (49) | 0.33 (0.26–0.43) |
| Postmenopausal hormone used | |||
| Never usec | 603 (67) | 1137 (63) | 1.00 |
| Estrogen only | 155 (17) | 304 (17) | 0.87 (0.69–1.09) |
| Estrogen + Progesterone | 118 (13) | 307 (17) | 0.67 (0.53–0.85) |
| History of tubal ligationd | |||
| Noc | 666 (74) | 1162 (65) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 201 (22) | 616 (34) | 0.57 (0.47–0.68) |
| BMI (kg/m2)d | |||
| < 25c | 300 (33) | 670 (37) | 1.00 |
| 25–29 | 267 (30) | 528 (29) | 1.12 (0.91–1.37) |
| ≥30 | 334 (37) | 603 (34) | 1.25 (1.03–1.51) |
| Self-reported comorbiditiesf | |||
| Arthritis | 335 (37) | 825 (46) | 0.63 (0.51–0.73) |
| Hypertension | 329 (37) | 662 (37) | 0.90 (0.76–1.09) |
| Diabetes | 86 (10) | 217 (12) | 0.74 (0.57–0.96) |
| Family history of breast and ovarian cancers in first-degree relativesg | |||
| No known family historyc | 715 (79) | 1491 (83) | 1.00 |
| Breast cancer only | 147 (16) | 255 (14) | 1.16 (0.93–1.45) |
| Ovarian cancer only | 32 (4) | 44 (2) | 1.49 (0.93–2.37) |
| Breast and ovarian cancer | 6 (1) | 10 (1) | 1.24 (0.45–3.46) |
| Annual household income | |||
| < $20,000c | 137 (15) | 245 (14) | 1.00 |
| $20,000 $34,999 | 166 (19) | 307 (17) | 0.99 (0.74–1.31) |
| $35,000 $69,999 | 304 (34) | 615 (35) | 0.96 (0.74–1.24) |
| ≥$70,000 | 201 (23) | 436 (25) | 0.87 (0.66–1.16) |
| Refused | 75 (9) | 151 (9) | 0.96 (0.68–1.37) |
| NSAIDsh regular usei | |||
| Non-users c,j | 456 (51) | 850 (47) | 1.00 |
| Aspirin only | 169 (19) | 360 (20) | 0.79 (0.63–0.98) |
| NA-NSAIDs only | 167 (18) | 336 (19) | 0.91 (0.73–1.13) |
| Aspirin plus NA-NSAIDs | 110 (12) | 256 (14) | 0.74 (0.57–0.95) |
| Acetaminophen regular usei | |||
| Non-users c,k | 738 (82) | 1447 (80) | 1.00 |
| Acetaminophen | 164 (18) | 355 (20) | 0.90 (0.73–1.11) |
Except for age
: Except for age, all the ORs were adjusted by age (continuous), region of residence, interview calendar year in the logistic regression.
Reference category.
Data were not summed to total due to the missing or unknown values.
Number of full-term births, including both live and stillbirths; full-term is >6 months; twins and other multiples count as 1.
Reference category is no arthritis, no hypertension, and no diabetes; respectively
first-degree relatives including natural father and mother and blood-related brothers, sisters, sons and daughters.
NSAID: includes aspirin or all other reported NA-NSAIDS.
Regular use defined as ≥ 2 tablets/week for ≥ 6 months.
Non-user: women who indicated that they didn’t use aspirin or NA-NSAID (but might or might not have used acetaminophen) ≥ 2 tablets/week for ≥ 6 months (“minimal level”).
Non-user: women who indicated that they didn’t used acetaminophen (but might or might not have used aspirin or NA-NSAID) ≥ 2 tablets/week for ≥ 6 months (“minimal level”).