Table 6. Relationships of species turnover with differences in environmental variables across N = 16 locations (N = 15 locations for ants, because no ants were sampled in Göttingen).

Group	NPP	T	R	PETmin
All Groups	0.40*	0.66***	−0.07	0.28*
Spiders	0.41*	0.69**	−0.05	0.29*
Beetles	0.40*	0.59***	−0.10	0.27(*)
Bugs	0.13	0.13	0.12	0.16(*)
Ants	0.28*	0.48**	−0.15	0.25*
Herbivores	0.11	0.33**	0.04	0.16(*)
Carnivores	0.41*	0.67***	−0.08	0.29*

Displayed are Mantel statistics (r) with significance levels based on 999 permutations and denoted by asterisks:

(*)p<0.1,

^* p<0.05,

^** p<0.01,

^*** p≤0.001.