Table 2.

A summary of the major clinical trials for the use of MSC as regenerative medicine and therapy for autoimmune diseases

Disease/Target tissues or organs	Methods of MSC administration	References
Bone defects/tibia. humerus and ulna	Autologous BMMSC+ hydroxyapatite Scaffolds	Quarto et al., 2001
Skin defects/cutaneous wounds	Autologous BMMSC+ fibrin	Falanga et al., 2007
Cartilage defects/trachea	Autologous MSC and epithelial cells + acellular trachea matrix	Macchiarini et al., 2008
Cardio vascular structures/heart valves	Autologous umbilical cord MSC + porous polymer	Sodian et al., 2006
Urinary structures/bladder	Autologous bladder cells + collagen scaffold	Atala et al., 2006
Graft versus host disease (GVHD)/gut and liver	Systemic infusion of BMMSC	Le Blanc et al., 2004
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)/bone and kidney	Systemic infusion of BMMSC or SHED	Sun et al., 2009; Yamaza et al., 2010
Systemic sclerosis (SS)/skin	Systemic infusion of BMMSC	Akiyama et al., 2012