Table I.
The taxonomic distribution of multilevel socialities among primates
| Taxon | References |
|---|---|
| Primate species for which multilevel social organization has been described | |
| Snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti, R. roxellana, R. brelichi, R. avunculus) | Kirkpatrick 1998; Kirkpatrick and Grueter 2010; Zhang et al. 2006 |
| Proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus | Yeager 1990; see also Matsuda et al. 2010 |
| Black-shanked douc langur (Pygathrix nigripes) | Hoang 2007; Rawson 2009 |
| Gelada baboon (Theropithecus gelada) | Dunbar and Dunbar 1975; Kawai et al. 1983 |
| Hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas) | Kummer 1984; Swedell 2006 |
| Guinea baboon (Papio papio) | Galat-Luong et al. 2006; Sharman 1981 |
| Modern human (Homo sapiens) | Hamilton et al. 2007; Layton et al. 2012 |
| Primate species for which multilevel organization has been assumed | |
| Grey-shanked douc (Pygathrix cinerea) | Ha 2011 |
| Capped langur (Trachypithecus pileatus) | Stanford 1991 |
| Golden langur (Trachypithecus geei) | Mukherjee and Saha 1974 |
| Banded surili (Presbytis cf. melalophos) | Bennett 1983 |
| Pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) | Robertson 1986 |
| Mandrill (Mandrillus shinx) | Hoshino et al. 1984; cf. Abernethy et al. 2002 |
| Drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) | Gartlan 1970; see also Astaras et al. 2008 |
| Red uakari (Cacajao calvus ucayalii) | Bowler and Bodmer 2009; Bowler et al. 2012 |
| Golden-backed uakari (Cacajao melanocephalus) | Barnett 2005 |