Table 1.

Vibrios used in this study

Species	Serogroup and relevant genotypea	Strain	Source	Strb	Reference
V. parahaemolyticus	O3:K6 toxRS+ rpoS+	Wild-type RIMD2210633	E. F. Boyd, University of Delaware, Newark, DE	+	43
	O3:K6 toxRS rpoS+	ΔtoxRS deletion mutant	E. F. Boyd, University of Delaware	+	43
	O3:K6 toxRS+ rpoS	ΔrpoS deletion mutant	E. F. Boyd, University of Delaware	+	43
	O1:KUT tdh+ trh+	DIE12 052499	A. DePaola, U.S. FDA, Dauphin Island, AL	+d	7
V. vulnificus		VV1003	M. L. Tamplin, University of Florida, Gainesville, FLc	+d	33

^aThe toxRS operon is a global transcriptional activator that senses changes in the environment and coordinately regulates the expression of multiple genes, including those encoding multiple virulence factors and outer membrane proteins and those involved in both the acid and bile stress responses. The rpoS gene encodes a stress response sigma factor. The tdh gene is a thermostable direct hemolysin gene, and trh is a tdh-related hemolysin gene. KUT, K untypeable.

^bStr, streptomycin-resistant strain.

^cM. L. Tamplin is currently at the University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.

^dSelected for streptomycin resistance.