Table 2.
agr, capsule and IEC types, antimicrobial resistance, virulence-associated, MSCRAMM, adhesion, and biofilm formation genes identified using the DNA microarray among isolates representative of each antibiogram-resistogram, ST, and SCCmec type combination recovered from patients in Irish hospitals between 1971 and 2004a
| CC/ST-SCCmec type (n) | Additional typing marker |
Antimicrobial resistance genes |
Virulence-associated genes |
MSCRAMM, adhesion, and biofilm genes |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| agr | cap | IEC (n)b | Always present | Variably present (% isolates positive) | Always present | Variably present (% isolates positive) | Always present | Variably present (% isolates positive) | |
| CC8/ST250-MRSA-I/I-pls (10) | I | 5 | B (10) | blaZ, merA/B, erm(A), sdrM, qacA, fosB | tet(K) (70), aacA-aphD (90), aphA3 and sat (40), dfrS1 (40) | sak, chp, scn | seb (90), sek and seq (90) | bbp, clfA, clfb, ebh, ebpS, eno, fib, fnbA, fnbB, map, sdrC, sdrD, vwb, sasG, icaA, icaC, icaD | ..... |
| CC8/ST239-MRSA-III and SCCHg/III and SCCHg-p1258/Tn554 (12) | I | 8 | D (12) | blaZ, merA/B, erm(A), tet(M), sdrM, fosB | tet(K) (92), qacA (58), qacC (8), aacA-aphD (83), aadD (8), aphA3 and sat (50), dfrS1 (25), mupA (8), cat-pC194 (pMC524) (8) | sea, sak, scn | sek and seq (83) | clfA, clfB, cna, ebh, ebpS, eno, fib, fnbA, fnbB, map, sdrC, sdrD, vwb, sasG, icaA, icaC, icaD | bbp (58) |
| CC8/ST247-MRSA-Ia (3) | I | 5 | A (1), B (2) | blaZ, merA/B tet(M), sdrM, qacA, aacA-aphD, aadD, fosB | erm(A) (67) | sak, chp, scn | sea (33) | clfA, clfB, ebh, ebpS, eno, fib, fnbA, fnbB, map, sdrC, sdrD, vwb, sasG, icaA, icaC, icaD | ..... |
| CC8/ST8-MRSA-IIA-IIE (33) | I | 5 | D (29), NT (1),c Neg (3) | blaZ, erm(A), aacA-aphD, sdrM, fosB, merA/B | erm(C) (6), tet(K) (3), qacA (97), qacC (3), aadD (36), aphA3 and sat (85), dfrS1 (3), far1/fusB (3), mupA (12) | ..... | sea (91), sak (91), scn (88) | bbp, clfA, clfB, ebh, ebpS, eno, fnbA, fnbB, sdrD, vwb, icaA, icaC, icaD | fib (97), map (97), sdrC (3) |
| CC8/ST8-MRSA-IVE/F (6) | I | 5 | E (5), Neg (1) | blaZ, erm(A), sdrM, aphA3 and sat, fosB | tet(M) (33), qacA (17) | ..... | sak (83), scn (83) | bbp, clfA, clfB, ebh, ebpS, eno, fib, fnbA, fnbB, map, sdrC, vwb, sasG, icaA, icaC, icaD | sdrD (83) |
| CC8/ST94-MRSA-IVg (1) | I | 5 | Neg (1) | blaZ, tet(M), sdrM, aacA-aphD, aphA3 and sat, fosB | ..... | ..... | ..... | bbp, clfA, clfB, ebh, ebpS, eno, fib, fnbA, fnbB, map, sdrC, sdrD, vwb, sasG, icaA, icaC, icaD | ..... |
| CC8/ST609-MRSA-IVA (1) | I | 5 | D (1) | blaZ, erm(C), tet(M), sdrM, aacA-aphD, aadD, dfrS1, fosB | ..... | sea, seb, sek and seq, sak, scn | ..... | bbp, clfA, clfB, ebh, ebpS, eno, fib, fnbA, fnbB, map, sdrC, sdrD, vwb, sasG, icaA, icaC icaD | ..... |
| CC22/ST22-MRSA-IVh/IVa (13) | I | 5 | B (8) Neg (5) | blaZ | erm(C) (46), qacC (8) | egc | sec and sel (85), sak (62), chp (62), scn (62) | clfA, clfB, cna, ebpS, eno, fib, fnbA, sdrC, vwb, sasG, icaA, icaD | fnbB (15), icaC (85), bbp (85), ebh (15), map (92), sdrD (85) |
| CC5/ST5-MRSA-II (14) | II | 5 | F (12) B (1) A (1) | erm(A), sdrM, aadD, fosB | blaZ (86), qacA (21), merA/B (21) | tst, egc,c sak, chp, scn | sea (7), sep (86), sed, j and r (71) | bbp, clfA, clfB, ebh, ebpS, eno, fib, fnbA, fnbB, map, sdrC, sdrD, vwb, sasG, icaA, icaC, icaD | ..... |
| CC5/ST5-MRSA-IV nonsubtypeable (1) | II | 5 | B (1) | merA and B, blaZ, erm(A), sdrM, fosB | ..... | egc, sak, chp, scn | ..... | bbp, clfA, clfB, ebh, ebpS, eno, fib, fnbA, map, sdrC, vwb, sasG, icaA, icaC, icaD | ..... |
| CC5/ST496-MRSA-II (1) | II | 5 | B (1) | erm(A), erm(C), aadD, sdrM, fosB | ..... | egc, sak, chp, scn | ..... | bbp, clfA, clfB, ebh, ebpS, eno, fib, fnbA, fnbB, map, sdrC, sdrD, vwb, sasG, icaA, icaC, icaD | |
| CC30/ST36-MRSA-II (6) | III | 8 | A (6) | blaZ, erm(A), sdrM, aadD, fosB | ..... | sea, egc, sak, chp, scn | tst (67) | bbp, clfA, clfB, cna, ebh, ebpS, eno, fnbA, fib, map, sdrC, sdrD, vwb, icaA, icaC, icaD | ..... |
| CC30/ST30-MRSA-IV nonsubtypeable (4) | III | 8 | B (4) | blaZ, Q6GD50/fusC, fosB | sdrM (75) | tst, egc, sak, chp, scn | ..... | clfA, clfB, cna, ebh, ebpS, eno, fib, fnbA, map, sdrC, sdrD, vwb, icaA, icaC, icaD | bbp (75) |
| CC45/ST45-MRSA-IVa (1) | IV | 8 | B (1) | blaZ, merA and B, erm(C), far1/fusB, sdrM | ..... | egc, sak, chp, scn | ..... | bbp, clfA, clfB, cna, ebh, ebpS, eno, fib, fnbA, fnbB, map, sdrC, sdrD, vwb, sasG, icaA, icaC, icaD | ..... |
| CC12/ST12-MRSA-IVc (1) | II | 8 | G (1) | blaZ, sdrM, fosB | ..... | sep, seb, sec (M14), sak, scn | ..... | clfA, clfB, cna, ebh, ebpS, eno, fib, fnbA, fnbB, map, sdrC, vwb, icaA, icaC, icaD | ..... |
The StaphyType kit (Alere Technologies) was used for DNA microarray analysis. n, number of isolates; agr, genes encoding accessory gene regulators; cap, genes encoding capsular proteins; CC, clonal complex; ST, sequence type; MSCRAMM, microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules; ....., no genes detected.
Immune evasion cluster (IEC) type as defined by van Wamel et al. (54): A = sea, sak, chp, and scn; B = sak, chp, and scn; C = chp and scn; D = sea, sak, and scn; E = sak and scn; F = sep, sak, chp, and scn; G = sep, sak, and scn; NT, novel IEC type consisting of sak and sea only; Neg (negative), no IEC genes detected.
seg and sei were not detected in one and two ST5-MRSA-II isolates, respectively, found to carry the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc) genes seg/sei, sem, sen, seo, and seu.