Table 5.
Mixed effects model summaries across four studies with baseline physical activity and activity change predicting four cognitive outcomes.
| OCTO-Twin | LBLS | SLS | VLS | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | SE | P | b | SE | P | b | SE | P | b | SE | P | |
| Reasoning | ||||||||||||
| Intercept | 10.66 | 0.56 | <.001 | 21.53 | 0.56 | <.001 | 37.88 | 1.02 | <.001 | 9.53 | 0.59 | <.001 |
| Age | –0.37 | 0.12 | 0.002 | –0.62 | 0.05 | <.001 | –0.35 | 0.01 | <.001 | –0.25 | 0.02 | <.001 |
| Sex | 0.90 | 0.68 | 0.186 | 2.12 | 0.81 | 0.009 | 1.67 | 0.24 | <.001 | –0.01 | 0.31 | 0.969 |
| Education | 0.57 | 0.13 | <.001 | 1.30 | 0.14 | <.001 | 0.52 | 0.04 | <.001 | 0.33 | 0.05 | <.001 |
| Activity | 1.19 | 0.40 | 0.003 | –0.50 | 0.40 | 0.209 | –0.57 | 0.89 | 0.519 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.827 |
| Age × activity | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.699 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.502 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.398 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.587 |
| Education × activity | –0.09 | 0.13 | 0.479 | –0.12 | 0.14 | 0.372 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.983 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.840 |
| Time | –0.51 | 0.09 | <.001 | –0.46 | 0.09 | <.001 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.141 | –0.24 | 0.03 | <.001 |
| Age × time | –0.02 | 0.02 | 0.296 | –0.02 | 0.01 | 0.001 | –0.01 | 0.00 | <.001 | –0.01 | 0.00 | <.001 |
| Sex × time | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.206 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.445 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.318 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.968 |
| Education × time | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.258 | –0.06 | 0.02 | 0.007 | –0.01 | 0.00 | 0.090 | –0.01 | 0.00 | 0.065 |
| Activity × time | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.354 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.506 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.183 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.332 |
| Activity change | 0.85 | 0.21 | <.001 | 0.54 | 0.24 | 0.028 | 0.18 | 0.09 | 0.045 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.013 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Fluency | ||||||||||||
| Intercept | 31.19 | 0.62 | <.001 | 58.66 | 2.55 | <.001 | 11.73 | 0.56 | <.001 | |||
| Age | –0.25 | 0.05 | <.001 | –0.34 | 0.04 | <.001 | –0.10 | 0.03 | <.001 | |||
| Sex | 4.25 | 0.90 | <.001 | 3.54 | 0.59 | <.001 | 0.46 | 0.36 | 0.200 | |||
| Education | 1.04 | 0.16 | <.001 | 1.29 | 0.11 | <.001 | 0.64 | 0.05 | <.001 | |||
| Activity | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.314 | 4.45 | 22.4 | 0.047 | –0.06 | 0.03 | 0.098 | |||
| Age × activity | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.159 | –0.06 | 0.03 | 0.070 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.952 | |||
| Education × activity | –0.29 | 0.15 | 0.059 | –0.02 | 0.09 | 0.844 | –0.01 | 0.01 | 0.159 | |||
| Time | –0.27 | 0.11 | 0.013 | 0.78 | 0.23 | 0.001 | –0.13 | 0.03 | <.001 | |||
| Age × Time | –0.03 | 0.01 | 0.001 | –0.02 | 0.00 | <.001 | –0.01 | 0.00 | 0.002 | |||
| Sex × Time | –0.22 | 0.15 | 0.132 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.007 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.070 | |||
| Education × Time | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.983 | –0.01 | 0.01 | 0.106 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.950 | |||
| Activity × Time | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.680 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.048 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.045 | |||
| Activity Change | 0.05 | 0.35 | 0.894 | 0.41 | 0.20 | 0.043 | 0/07 | 0.03 | 0.003 | |||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Memory | ||||||||||||
| Intercept | 8.59 | 0.31 | <.001 | 10.78 | 0.20 | <.001 | 23.50 | 0.74 | <.001 | 17.36 | 0.42 | <.001 |
| Age | –0.22 | 0.06 | <.001 | –0.19 | 0.02 | <.001 | –0.18 | 0.01 | <.001 | –0.19 | 0.02 | <.001 |
| Sex | 1.14 | 0.38 | <.002 | 1.55 | 0.30 | <.001 | 1.65 | 0.17 | <.001 | 1.65 | 0.27 | <.001 |
| Education | 0.39 | 0.07 | <.001 | 0.29 | 0.05 | <.001 | 0.32 | 0.03 | <.001 | 0.32 | 0.04 | <.001 |
| Activity | 0.48 | 0.22 | 0.003 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.312 | –0.17 | 0.65 | 0.789 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.042 |
| Age × Activity | –0.09 | 0.08 | 0.232 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.817 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.671 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.223 |
| Education × Activity | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.837 | –0.05 | 0.05 | 0.346 | –0.03 | 0.03 | 0.215 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.607 |
| Time | –0.32 | 0.07 | 0.001 | –0.17 | 0.05 | 0.001 | 0.33 | 0.08 | <.001 | –0.27 | 0.03 | <.001 |
| Age × Time | –0.01 | 0.01 | 0.700 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.578 | –0.01 | 0.00 | <.001 | –0.01 | 0.00 | <.001 |
| Sex × Time | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.319 | –0.04 | 0.07 | 0.601 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.077 | –0.02 | 0.03 | 0.469 |
| Education × Time | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.972 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.379 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.449 | –0.01 | 0.00 | 0.232 |
| Activity × Time | –0.02 | 0.05 | 0.660 | –0.02 | 0.04 | 0.531 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.078 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.202 |
| Activity Change | 0.44 | 0.15 | 0.004 | –0.08 | 0.15 | 0.593 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.309 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.001 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Semantic knowledge | ||||||||||||
| Intercept | 30.21 | 0.85 | <.001 | 38.36 | 0.56 | <.001 | 23.41 |
1.29 | <.001 | 43.86 | 0.71 | <.001 |
| Age | –0.60 | 0.17 | <.001 | –0.26 | 0.05 | <.001 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.531 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.013 |
| Sex | –3.88 | 1.04 | <.001 | 1.47 | 0.81 | 0.069 | 0.56 | 0.30 | 0.069 | 0.02 | 0.47 | 0.971 |
| Education | 1.60 | 0.21 | <.001 | 1.11 | 0.14 | <.001 | 1.11 | 0.05 | <.001 | 0.77 | 0.07 | <.001 |
| Activity | 0.85 | 0.57 | 0.134 | –0.54 | 0.40 | 0.174 | 1.61 | 1.14 | –0.160 | –0.02 | 0.04 | 0.716 |
| Age × Activity | 0.02 | 0.20 | 0.914 | –0.02 | 0.04 | 0.672 | –0.02 | 0.02 | 0.174 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.331 |
| Education × Activity | –0.22 | 0.21 | 0.307 | –0.31 | 0.14 | 0.023 | –0.11 | 0.05 | 0.020 | –0.01 | 0.01 | 0.588 |
| Time | –0.93 | 0.12 | <.001 | –0.44 | 0.09 | <.001 | 0.45 | 0.08 | <.001 | –0.14 | 0.03 | <.001 |
| Age × Time | –0.05 | 0.03 | 0.056 | –0.04 | 0.01 | <.001 | –0.01 | 0.00 | <.001 | –0.01 | 0.00 | <.001 |
| Sex × Time | 0.27 | 0.14 | 0.054 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.486 | 0.07 | 0.02 | <.001 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.736 |
| Education × Time | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.279 | –0.03 | 0.02 | 0.134 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.792 | –0.01 | 0.01 | 0.152 |
| Activity × Time | –0.02 | 0.09 | 0.804 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.147 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.087 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.319 |
| Activity Change | 1.06 | 0.26 | <.001 | –0.04 | 0.25 | 0.881 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.148 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.258 |
Values represent model coefficients and their standard error. Across all studies, time was measured in years since baseline visit, and activity change was entered as a time-varying covariate. All other variables represent baseline measurements alone, in interaction with one another, or in interaction with time.